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Test 1, Ch. 2 Flashcards
Hearth Areas |
Geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they have subsequently spread.
Main Hearth Areas were in: Middle East, South Asia, China, the Americas.
Example: Agriculture hearth areas are areas where plant domestication happened. |
World System |
An interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition. |
World Empire |
A group of mini systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences.
Example: Ancient Greece |
Imperialism |
Extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories. |
Colonialism |
The establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society. |
Core Regions |
Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies. |
Peripheral Regions |
Regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity. |
Neocolonialism |
Economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people. |
Globalization |
Increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political & cultural change. |
Swidden Agriculture |
Slash-and-burn; a system of cultivation in which plants are harvested close to the ground, the stubble left to dry for a period, and then ignited, the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil. |
Hegemony |
Domination over the world economy exercised by one national state in a particular historical epoch through a combination of economic, military, financial and cultural means. |
Dependency |
High level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment or technology. |
Semi-peripheral Regions |
Transitional between core and periphery. |
Urbanization |
When towns and cities became essential as centers of administration, as military garrisons, and as theological centers for the ruling classes, who were able to use a combination of military and theological authority to hold their empires together. |
Minisystem |
Society with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy; each individual specializes in particular tasks, freely giving any excess product to others, who reciprocate by giving up the surplus product of their own specialization.
Example: Hunger-Gatherer Societies |
World Empires |
Where cities began; |
Transnational Corporation |
Corporations that operate at an international scale outside of the boundaries of the country where they originated.
Example: Hudson Bay Tea Company, Boston Tea Company, etc. |
Hinterland |
A city/town's sphere of economic influence - the tributary area from which it collects products to be exported and through which it distributes imports. |
Import Substitution |
Copying and making goods previously available only by trading. |
Colonization |
The physical settlement of a new territory of people from a colonizing state. |
Commodity Chain |
Network of labor and production processes beginning with the extraction or production of raw materials and ending with the delivery of a finished commodity. |
Comparative Advantage |
Principle whereby places and regions specialize in activities for which they have the greatest advantage in productivity relative to other regions - or for which they have the least disadvantage. |
Division of Labor |
The specialization of different people, regions or countries in particular kinds of economic activities. |
Ethnocentrism |
Attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to others. |
Import Substitution |
Process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were bought from foreign producers. |
Masculinism |
Assumption that the world is, and should be, shaped mainly by men for men. |
Producer Services
|
Services that enhance the productivity or efficiency of other firms activities or that enable them to maintain specialized roles. |
Spatial Justice |
Fairness of the distribution of society's burdens and benefits, taking into account spatial variations in people's needs and in their contribution to the production of wealth and social well-being. |
Transnational Corporations |
Companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries. |