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ENVIR ST 260: Environmental Studies 260 Exam 1
non-native migrants/ pioneers
|
homogenizes global diversity
-plants |
cretaceous |
when the dinosaurs went extinct
65 mya |
Human-wolf (carnivore conflict)
|
Interests and attitudes towards wolves come from
-hunters
-farmers
-wildlife protectionists
the more experience with wolves=more negative
urban dwellers more positive |
passive scavengers |
only taking what is left of an animal kill |
active scavengers |
being the hunter or scaring off other animals for the meat |
monoculture |
ag focused on one crop or plant species |
contingent/contingency |
planetary luck that we are strategically placed to sustain life |
juvenilized |
young puppy like traits were selected to breed |
tameness |
absence of fear or aggression towards humans |
fear/aggression |
negative response to humans |
Sahara Pump |
Climate warmer/drier across Eurasia led to migration
Lower sea levels in southeast asia
New challenges led to new techologies |
learned v. instinctive behavior |
learned = socialized behavior
instinct = interpret human communication, natural, unmolded |
toolkit for globalization |
transport, storage, clothing |
archaeological record |
multiple fire sites in early humans gave insight to their use of fire and society |
K-T boundary |
angiosperms (flowering fruit) plants spread |
ResourcesResources |
food
shelter
mates |
costs and benefits of dispersal |
benefits
*avoid incest
*less competition
*avoid adopted predators
*mates
costs
*danger
*energy demands
*new social relationships
*outbreed (lose good traits) |
Homosapiens |
.3-.5 mya
fire
weapons to hunt |
Recolonization |
wolves back in native habitat
reintroduction |
semi-arboreal
|
partly tree dwellers |
permian extinction |
250 mya
90% extinction |
convergent evolution |
parallel evolution of species when in same environment
dog and human jump at same loud noise |
mammoth hunters |
first evidence for domestication of dogs in Eurasia, 0.044 mya, associated with Monmouth hunters. no livestock domestication yet so not used for herding or livestock guarding
|
possible factors of wolf recovery |
abundant prey
societal tolerance/economy
change in prey/change in habitat |
depredations |
wolf kill of another animal |
bipedal |
walks on two feet
upright |
social-communcative signals |
-hand gestures
-eye movement
-language commands
-nodding and pointing |
oral tradition |
explanation of history preceded scientific processes |
aristotle |
viewed balance as the most important component in the universe
the world is shaped by structure and purpose
*hierarchal arrangement of animal and plant species based on degree of perfection and development of souls |
teleology |
everything has a purpose |
"climax" condition |
when biodiversity of an ecosystem is stable in long lasting equilibrium |
successional "stages" |
dynamic change of an ecosystem before it reaches "climax |
Hominin |
6 mya-2.5 may
bipedal
tree dwelling
slow and weak
mainly plant diet |
hunting gathering forager societies |
plants predominate
women 98% nourishment
small protein packets
not yet hunting big game |
major mass extinction |
minor- 1.75 mya
major- Permian 250 mya |
radiate/adaptive radiation |
evolutio of diversity within a rabidly multiplying lineage of organisms |
extirpation |
mice in APhi house die, but SigEp mice stay alive |
extinction |
all mice in world die |
human population growth |
had:
better food
agriculture
monocultures transformed ecosystems |
crop/livestock domesticaiton |
agriculture .01-.005mya
artificial selection for more nutritious energy rich crops and livestock |
dog domestication |
convergent evolution
human like social skills
.044 mya - mammoth hunt
-before any other domestication |
ecosystem |
balanced economy of nature |
Goldilocks effect |
the earth must be "just right" to support life |
niche |
how an organism responds to the distribution of resources and competitors |
selection, artificial or natural |
natural-genetic variability
artificial-breeding for desired genes/traits
|
competition |
biologic goal to live for one's organism benefit but fighting to share an abiotic or biotic factor |
mutualism |
when 2 organisms thrive off the relationship with one another |
commensalism |
the relationship between 2 organisms where one is benefiting the other is neutral |
migration |
wolves change location as a pack |
individual dispersal |
one single wolf goes off |
purpose |
role in nature |
function |
how it works to accomplish a goal |
paradigm |
a model providing a way of looking at the world such that an array of observations is united under one umbrella of belief
-broad understanding |