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BIOLOGY 101: Final-lecture 7
interspecific interactions |
competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and facilitation in the relationship between an individual and the community. |
Interspecific competition
|
a (--/--)interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival. |
competitive exclusion
|
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor, UNLESS their niches are different. |
ecological niche
|
the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment. |
resource partitioning |
The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community. |
character displacement
|
the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric populations of two species. |
Predation |
a (+/--) interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
carnivory
herbivory (prey does not always die) |
Cryptic coloration |
Camouflage--makes prey difficult to see. (prey can also blend in chemically, audibly, and sensory) |
aposematic coloration |
Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright or warning coloration to scare of predators. |
Batesian mimicry |
a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one. |
Mullerian mimicry |
two or more unpalatable species resemble each other. |
Symbiosis |
An interaction between organisms of 2 different species that involves direct physical contact.
parasitism (+/--)
mutualism (+/+)
commensalism (+/0) |
Parasitism |
Parasite lives in or on a host (often not lethal). Pathogens and disease causing organisms (generally microscopic, can be lethal) |
Commensalism |
Not very common. One species benefits, the other is unaffected, like hitchhiking. Includes burs, algae growing on turtle shells. Usually not obligatory--both species can survive without each other. |
mutualism |
Host and symbiont both benefit. (Plantss and pollinators, plants and frugivores, plants and ants)
Relationship often obligatory; can become extremely close. (endosymbionts--species living inside its host) |
competition |
(--/--) interaction. occurs when two or more species rely on the same resource and the supply of the resource is limited. |
Niche |
The sum of an organism's use of resources in its environment. How an organism "fits in" to the environment . NO TWO SPECIES IN THE SAME COMMUNITY CAN HAVE THE SAME NICHE.
habitat
temp.
food
when it reproduces |
Community |
A group of populations in the same area or habitat (more than one species). |
Trophic structure |
Who eats what/whom |
Food chains |
Simple linear relationship of who eats whom.
trophic levels
plant-->grazer-->primary consumer-->secondary consumer |
Trophic structure |
Who eats what/whom. |
Food chains |
Simple linear relationship of who eats whom.
trophic levels
plant-->grazer-->primary consumer-->secondary consumer |
Food web |
More realistic representation of trophic structure --animals eat from multiple trophic areas. |