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BIOLOGY 101: Final Exam
Linnaeus |
classified species |
Hutton
|
father of modern geology, discovered that earth changes slowly |
Curvier |
noticed extinctions because of catastrophes infossils |
Lyell
|
noticed that the earth is changing slowly, constantly |
Lamarck
|
evolution occurs when an individual acquires a trait over a lifetime that is passed to offspring (strength, long neck) |
Darwin/ Wallace Observations |
1. Many different species
2. Fossils resemble current species
3. Geographical gradients of change in species (island differ from mainland)
4. Organisms have traits that match enviro conditions |
Founder Effect
|
a few individuals become isolated from larger pop - establish new gene pool (founders of new island) |
Bottleneck Effect |
reduce size of original population randomly |
Gene Flow
|
change in allele frequencies between generations due to input of individuals or gametes from other populations |
Intrasexual Selection |
selection within in the same sex (competition between males) |
Intersexual Selection
|
selection between the 2 sexes (showy males) |
Sexual Selection |
natural selection that is related to mating success (ornaments, courtship) |
Ecological Species Concept |
different habitat/niche - can't breed |
Morphological Species Concept |
look different - can't breed |
Biological Species Concept |
individuals are members of the same species if they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
Adaptive Radiation |
periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species (new environment/key adaptation) |
Dispersal |
movement of organisms away from center of high population density |
dispersion
|
pattern of spacing among individuals in a pop |
Generation Time |
average amount of time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring |
Aposematic Coloration |
bright coloration is warning signal of poisonous chemicals |
Life Dinner Principle
|
prey always adapted to escape predators (have advantage in arms race) |
competitive exclusion principle |
2 species that share the same limiting resource can't coexist indefinitely, eventually one will go extinct |
Character Displacement |
tendency for characteristics of sympatric pops to diverge more than allopatric pops (expect greater differences in a trait when 2 species co-occur rather than when either species is by itself) |
microevolution
|
change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next in a pop |
Macroevolution |
evolution of a new species |