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BIOL 152: Animals Part 1
Protozoa (Protista)
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Unicellular eukaryotes that perform all basic life functions
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Choanoflagillida |
Protist group most closely related to animals
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Metazoa |
- Equivalent to Animalia; complex multicellularity
- Exhibit greater structural complexity
- Meiosis restricted to formation of 1n generation
- Fertilization restores diploid generation |
Tissue |
groups of similar cells performing a similar function
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Epithelial tissue
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Sheets of cells that covers an internal or external surface; Joined by intercellular junctions
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3 types of intercellular junctions
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1. Sealing or Tight junctions
2. Adhering Junctions
3. Gap junctions |
Tight/sealing junctions
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Seal the membranes of the cels
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Adhering junctions
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help stick cells together near the top and adds some structural integrity to the epithelium
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Gap junctions
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Tubes of protein that interconnect adjacent cells
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Connective tissue
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support, binding, storage and transport; consists of protein fibers, glycoproteins and water
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Examples of specialized connective tissue
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blood = water and protein
bone = mineralized contains calcium salts |
Organ |
Different tissues functioning together as an integrated unit
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Organ Systems
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Different organs operating together
(Ex: digestive system) |
Function of skeletons
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Support, protections, muscle attachment
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Endoskeleton
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Inside |
Where are muscles attached?
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Endoskeletons |
If diffusion alone is the only means of transport then
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- distance has to be small
- highly folded body to increase surface area |
Circulatory System for animals with just diffusion
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Fluid-transport system; mechanism for mass or bulk fluid flow
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Sperm or Spermatozoan
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mature cell body; middle piece is occupied by mitochondria which produces ATP for flagellum to move |
Egg |
Oocyte/ Ovum |
Fertilization process for Metazoa |
1. Sperm contacts egg
2. Sperm penetrates the outer coat of egg
3. Plasma membranes of gametes fuse
4. Sperm nucleus enters egg cytoplasm and migrates to egg nucleus
5. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse which forms a zygote |
Cell Cleavage |
Repeated division of zygote to form multicellular embryo |
Blastula |
Hollow ball of cells; Cells of embryos
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Blastomeres
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Cells of cleaving embryo
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Embryology
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Study of embryonic development
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Phylum Porifera
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- Sponges
- Sessile
- Filter feeders
- Marine and FW
- No nerves or muscles |
Tissue Layers of Sponge
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- Pinacoderm
- Choanoderm
- Mesohyle
- Porocyte
- Spongocoel
- Osculum |
Pinacoderm |
Outer layer of sponge
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Choanoderm |
Inner layer of sponge; flagellated cells
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Mesohyle |
Connected tissue layer; Has scattered cells and they secrete cells
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Porocyte |
Cells that link the internal cavity with the external environment
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Spongocoel |
Internal cavity of sponge
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Osculum |
Big opening at the top of the internal cavity
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Water flow in sponges
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porocyte --> Spongocoel --> Osculum
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Functions of the Choanocyte
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Pump water from the external environment for water flow in sponges
- Trap food |
Amoeboid cells
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Stem cells
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Reproduction in sponges
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Asexual or Sexual |
Sexual reproduction in sponges |
Zygote --> blastula --> Ciliated larva |
What is a larva?
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Stage that is morphologically and ecologically distinct from the adult form
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