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Final Study Guide
Different types of telescopes (4) |
1. Reflecting
2. Refracting
3. Radio
4. Orbiting |
Reflecting Telescope |
Uses mirrors |
Refracting Telescope |
Uses lenses |
Radio Telescopes |
In large arrays |
Layers of the sun from inside to outside (6) |
1. Core
2. Radiation Zone
3. Convection Zone
4. Photosphere
5. Chromosphere
6. Corona |
What happens in the core of the sun? |
Nuclear Fusion |
What is the Radiation Zone of the sun? |
Area where energy is transferred by radiation |
What is the Convection Zone of the sun? |
Area where energy is transferred by convection |
What is the photosphere? |
Surface of the sun that we see as light |
What is the Chromosphere? |
Layer of the sun that appears as color to us |
What is the Corona? |
Outer most layer of the sun, where sun spots occur |
What is fusion? |
Hydrogen --> helium in the suns core |
What is a nebula? |
Cloud of dust and gas, where a star begins lifecycle |
What is a brown dwarf? |
Formed when a star less massive than the sun dies |
What is a Red Giant? |
Formed when a star the same mass as the sun dies, it is only the beginning stage of death |
What is a White Dwarf? |
When a star the same mass as the sun dies and first expands and then collapses; the final stage of death |
What is a black hole? |
Formed when a star more massive than the sun dies |
What are the different types of galaxy's? (3) |
1. Spiral
2. Elliptical
3. Active |
What is present in an active galaxy? |
Pulsars |
Ptolemy |
Greek geographer; Was the first to attempt to explain the motion of the stars and planets, was wrong because he put earth at the center of the universe |
Nicholas Copernicus |
Polish cleric; put sun at the center of the universe |
Tycho Brahe |
Danish astronomer; built an observatory on an island, took 25 years of measurments |
Johannes Kepler |
German mathematician; analyzed Brahe's data; found 3 laws |
Galileo Galilei |
Italian physicist; used the first telescope for measurements; sun centered universe |
What was Kepler's First Law? |
Planets move in an elliptical orbit |
What was Kepler's Second Law? |
A line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal area in equal times |
What was Kepler's Third Law? |
The square of the period of an orbit is proportional to the cube of the orbital radius |
What was Kepler's first law? |
All planets make an ellipse around the sun |
What is Kepler's first law? |
Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus |
Who was Hubble? |
Discovered that the universe is expanding |
What is position? |
Where it is located (x) |
What is velocity? |
How fast and the direction of movement (v) |
What is speed? |
How fast the object is moving |
What is Acceleration? |
rate that it is slowing down or speeding up (a) |
What is true about a position vs. Time graph |
The slope = velocity |
What is true about a Velocity vs. Time graph? |
The slope = acceleration |
What was Newton's 1st law? |
Objects in motion stay in motion, objects at rest stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force |
What is Newton's 2nd law? |
Force = Mass x Acceleration
F = ma |
What is Newton's 3rd law? |
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
What is the Law of Gravity? |
The attractive force between all objects with mass |
What is Conservation of Momentum? |
Momentum can't be lost of gained, but it can be transferred |
What is a projectile? |
Flying things; while in the air, only gravity acts on them; horizontal and vertical motions are independent |
What is work? |
The energy transferred to or from on object; to an object, work is + ; from an object, work is --
Work = Force x Distance
W = Fd |
What is Potential Energy? |
(PE); stored energy
PE = mgh |
What happens when you stretch or compress a spring? |
The PE increases |
What is Kinetic Energy? |
(KE); energy of motion
KE = 1/2mv^2 |
What is Conservation of Energy? |
Energy can't be lost or gained, just transferred and converted |
What is Power? |
How fast work is done
Power = work / time |
What kind of light does the Hubble space telescope measure? |
Visible light |
The Hubble space telescope measure what kind of light? |
visible |
In what part of the sun does fusion take place? |
The core |
In the SI unit syestem, how are things measured? |
Kilograms |
True or False: A star ends it's life as a nebula |
FALSE |
What part of the sun has solar wind particles? |
Corona |
Who put the sun at the center of the universe? |
Copernicus |
Which scientist discovered the universe is made up of galaxies? |
Hubble |
A free falling object increases by |
10 m/s |
slope of velocity vs time graph |
acceleration |
Weight of an object |
equal to the amount of gravitational force exerted on an object |
The weight of an object is |
equal to the gravitational force on the object |
A rifle recoils while firing a bullet. The speed of the rifle's recoil is small because |
rifle has much more mass than the bullet. |
You toss a ball straight up into the air. While the ball is moving in free fall, its acceleration |
remains constant |
A figure skater is moving to the right at constant speed.... |
no net force is on the figure skater |
If the distance between two planets is doubled, the gravitational force between the objects |
goes down by 1/4 |
speed equals |
kg m/s divided by kg |
the mass of gravitational _____ is given by g, equal to 9.8 m/s^s |
acceleration |
Which element is most abundant in stars? |
Hydrogen |
The language of science is |
Mathematics |
The size of a white dwarf is approximately the same size as |
Earth |
Which astronomer was imprisoned for his support of the sun centered universe model? |
Galileo |
Does a reflecting telescope use a mirror to reflect light? |
Yes |
The wavelength of a radio wave can be as long as 10 ft. |
TRUE |
Do stars shine during the day? |
Yes |
convert 20 mph into m/sec. |
8.9 m/sec. |
In the SI unit system, mass is measured in units of |
kilograms |
Which part of the sun is the source of light that reaches the earth? |
photosphere |
The sun is just an ordinary star. |
TRUE |
Which part of the sun is the source of solar wind particles? |
Corona |
Why do sunspots appear darker than their surroundings? |
They are cooler than their surroundings |
Which astronomer was the first to put the sun at the center of the universe? |
Copernicus |
In each step of the hydrogen burning process, is energy released. |
Yes |
Stars with ____ mass than the sun will end their lives as brown dwarfs. |
Less |
The universe is Shrinking. |
FALSE |
The process by which scientists publish their results is the ____process. |
peer review |
in each second of fall, the distance a freely falling object will fall is |
increasing |
A hockey puck is set in motion across a frozen pond. If ice friction and air resistance are neglected, the force required to keep the puck sliding would be? |
Zero. |
If a freely falling object were somehow equipped with a speedometer, its speed reading would increase each second by about |
10 m/s |
An object covers a distance of 8 meters in the first second of travel, another 8 meters during the next second, and 8 meters again during the third second. Its acceleration in meters per second per second is approximately |
zero. |
Speed has a direction |
FALSE |
a car accelerates from rest for 5 seconds until it reaches a speed of 20 m/s. what is the car's acceleration in m/s/s. |
4m/s/s |
An object near earth is dropped near rest. If the time interval is doubled, the distance it will fall is |
increased by a factor of 4 (just use the equation) |
The slope of a velocity vs. time graph tells you the |
acceleration |
how many joules of energy are in one kilowatt per hour |
3.6 million |
What are the SI units for work? |
Joules (J) |
An 80 kg man on ice skates pushes a 40 kg boy, also on skate, with a force of 100 N. The force exerted by the boy on the man is |
100 N |
Does acceleration have a direction? |
Yes |
A ball is thrown straight upward into the air. Neglect air resistance. While the ball is in the air, its acceleration |
remains constant |
A figure skater is moving to the right at a constant speed. Which one of the following must be true? Neglect air resistance and friction. |
No net force is acting on the figure skater. |
negative work means |
the kinetic energy of the object decreases |
to catch a ball, a baseball player extends the hand forward before impact with the ball and then lets it ride backward in the direction of the ball's motion. during this reduces the force of impact on the player's hand principally because the |
time of impact is increased |
If a monkey floating in outer space throws his hat away, the hat and the monkey will both |
move away from each other but at different speeds |
A negative acceleration |
can cause either an increase or decrease in speed. |
A train collides head-on with a car. |
The force by the train on the car is equal to the force by the car on the train. |
A net force on an object can cause |
An acceleration, a change in momentum and a change in velocity |
A horse gallops a distance of 10 km in a time of 30 min. Its average speed is |
20 Km/h |
If a car increases its velocity from zero to 60 km/h in 10 seconds, its acceleration is |
6km/h/s |
The SI units of power are |
Watts |
If a rocket initially at rest accelerates at a rate of 50 m/s2for one minute, its speed will be... |
3000 m/s
Because:
a= 50m⁄s2
t= 1 min.= 60s
(50m)
——— × 60s = 3000 m/s
(s2) |
A projectile is fired horizontally in a region of no air resistance. The projectile maintains its horizontal component of velocity because |
It is not acted on by any horizontal forces. |
The mass of an astronaut on a planet where gravity is 10 times greater than Earth is |
The same as it is on Earth |
If the speed of particle A is twice that of particle B, the distance particle B travels in a given interval of time as compared with particle A is |
half as great |
The magnitude of the gravitational _______ is given by g, which is equal to 9.8 m/s 2 |
acceleration |
An object has a velocity directed to the right and an acceleration directed to the left. |
The position of the object is increasing to the right with time, and its speed is decreasing |
A 1000 kg car moving at 10 m/s brakes to a stop in 5 s. The average braking force is |
2000 N |
You are traveling in your car at 23 m/s when an emergency arises. If your car is 4 m long, how far do you travel during the 0.7 seconds of reaction time before you apply the brakes. |
16 m |
An object is dropped from rest near the surface of the earth. If the time interval during which it falls is doubled, the distance it falls will |
increase by a factor of 4. |
A freight train rolls along a track with considerable momentum. If it rolls at the same speed but has twice as much mass, its momentum is |
doubled |
The power rating on your microwave is 1000 watts. If you use your microwave for one minute, how much power do you use |
6000 joules |
an object that has kinetic energy must be |
moving |
magnitude of acceleration is |
9.8 m/s^2 |
An ampere is a unit of electrical |
Current |
If electrical energy costs 12 cents per kwh, how many cents does it take to keep a 500 W toaster running for 12 minutes? |
1.2 cents |
When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges... |
quadruples |
This first law of Thermodynamics is a restatement of: |
The law of Conservation of energy |
electric potential energy |
mx10^10j |
What is Electric Potential Energy? |
Energy associated with groups of charges |
The direction of an electric field is the direction of the force that the field would exert on |
a positive charge |
what type of heat is transferred through the mass motion of an object |
convection |
charge flows through a ___ circuit |
closed |
two protons attract each other gravitationally and repel each other electrically. which force is the strongest? |
electrical repulsion |
which electromagnetic wave has the shortest wavelength |
ultraviolet |
most waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are |
invisible |
An MRI uses what to produce a magnetic field? |
solenoid |
which is not a transverse wave? |
sound |
What is a Transverse Wave? |
Material moves up and down but travels left and right |
if a frequency of a wave is 10 hertz, its period is |
.1 second |
A 60-vibration-per-second wave travels 30 meters in 1 second. Its frequency is |
60 hertz and it travels at 30 m/s |
the amplitude of a wave is 1 meter. its top to bottom distance is |
2 meters |
if you double the frequency of a vibrating object its period |
halves |
All of the following can induce a current in a coil of wire EXCEPT |
placing a stationary coil of wire in an stationary magnetic field |
what is a property of light waves but not sound waves |
polarization |
refraction results from lights |
speed |
light travels fastest in |
air |
special relativity predicts that gravity can bend light T/F |
FALSE |
straight arrow in eye |
converging |
curved after inside eye |
myopia |
an astronaut holds a .87c stick in a spear like fashion. How does he view it? |
1 meter |
the distance from a mirror to its focal point is 13cm. What is its radius? |
26cm |
consider a planet at rest and a spaceship that whizzes past it at high speed. an observer on the planet sees a contracted spaceship, while someone on the spaceship sees |
a contracted planet |
if the speed of light is 2.8^10 its refraction is |
1.5 |
is the spectrum of all hydrogen the same? |
YEAH BITCH |
Atomic mass is the same as |
protons and neutrons |
nuclei which are all elements of the same element have the same |
number of protons |
the atomic number is the number of ___ in an atom |
protons |
400 counts a min, half life one day, what will it be in 4 days |
25 counts/min |
when an electron transfers from 2nd to 1st excited state it gives off |
photon |
when a particle is ejected from a nucleus it gives off greater |
charge |
100 counts per second, then 25 counts per second |
half life 12 minutes |
If an object is raised twice as high, its potential energy will be... |
twice as much |
after rolling halfway down an incline after being released from rest, a marbles kinetic energy is... |
the same as its potential energy |
both a 50-kg sack is lifted 2 m from the ground and a 25-kg sack is lifted 4 m in the same time. the power expended in raising the 50-kg sack is |
the same |
what does gravitational potential energy depend on? |
mass and height of an object |
As a box slides along a rough horizontal surface and comes to rest, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. |
FALSE |
A tennis ball following a parabolic trajectory without air resistance has two forces acting upon it; gravity downward and a force keeping it moving forward. |
FALSE |
A rock is thrown upward at 50 degrees with respect to the horizontal. As it rises its vertical component of velocity |
decreases |
Roll a bowling ball off the edge of a table. As it falls, its horizontal component of motion |
remains constant |
A hunter on level ground fires a bullet at 2 degrees below the horizontal while simultaneously dropping another bullet from the level of the rifle. Which bullet will hit the ground first? |
the fired one |
If you push an object twice as far while applying the same force, you do |
twice as much work |
If an object moves with decreasing speed |
the work on the body is negative and the kinetic energy is decreasing. |
If an objects speed is doubled, its kinetic energy is |
quadrupled |
The weight of objects on the moon is 1/6 of their weight on earth. A golf ball moving with speed v on the moon has kinetic energy equal to ________ it would have if it was moving at the same speed on earth. |
the kinetic energy |
A football is kicked into the air. After it has passed the peak of its trajectory, and is on its way back down, the vertical component of its velocity vector is |
increasing |
You are riding in a train car that is traveling along perfectly flat ground. The train has just left the station and is increasing in speed. The person sitting next to you bumps your arm and your bagel goes flying straight up into the air. Where does the bagel land relative to you? |
behind you |
A 2-k mass is held 4 m above the ground. What is the approximate potential energy of the mass with respect to the ground? |
80 J |
A diver who weighs 500 N steps off a diving board that is 10 m above the water. The diver hits the water with kinetic energy of |
5000 J |
A gun with a muzzle velocity of 100 m/s is fired horizontally from a tower. Neglecting air resistance, how far downrange will the bullet be 1 second later? |
100 m |
A TV set is pushed a distance of 2 m with a force of 20 N. How much work is done on the set. |
40 J |
Which has greater kinetic energy, a car traveling at 30 km/h or a half-as-massive car traveling at 60 km/h? |
The 60km/h car |
How much work must be done by frictional forces in slowing a 1000 kg car from 30 m/s to rest? |
-450,000 J |
The power rating on your microwave is 1000 W. If you use the microwave for 1 minute, how much energy do you use? |
60000 J |
What is improbable state? |
A situation with one fast moving atom |
What is probable state? |
A situation with all atoms moving at the same speed; systems like to be in probable state |
What is Heat? |
A form of energy, moves from hot to cold, measured in calories. |
What is Temperature? |
Measure of hotness or coldness; faster atoms = higher temperature |
What are the Temperature scales? (3) |
1. Fahrenheit
2. Celsius
3. Kelvin |
Celsius |
"0 = freezing
100 = boiling
37 = body temperature" |
Kelvin (Absolute scale) |
0 K = absolute zero, coldest possible temperature, no heat energy left |
What is specific heat capacity? |
- ability of material to absorb heat
- heat required to raise 1 gram of substance by 1 degree celsius |
What is an electric field? |
Caused by source charges |
What is a Circuit? |
Circle of moving charges |
What is a current? |
Charges flowing through a medium |
What is a Fundamental Charge? |
The charge of an electron by w/o minus sign; charge of proton
1.6*10^-19 |
What is Voltage? |
Electrical pressure; usually supplied by a battery |
What are the types of circuits? (2) |
1. DC
2. AC |
What is DC? |
Direct current, flows in one direction |
What is AC? |
Alternating current, direction of current changes |
What is resistance? |
How easily charges flow though a wire; as resistance ^, energy is dissipated as heat |
What is power? (When referring to electricity) |
Rate that electrical energy is converted to heat |
How can elements in a circuit be arranged? (2) |
1. Series
2. Parallel |
What is a series circuit? |
Elements are arranged in a line, only one loop |
What is a Parallel Circuit? |
There are more than 1 loop in the circuit |
What are permanent magnets? |
From naturally occurring minerals (iron), 2 poles, cannot be isolated (No matter how many times you split them, they will always have 2 poles) |
What causes magnetism? |
In permanent magnets, moving charges.
Electrical currents produces magnetic fields |
Light waves require a medium. True or false? |
FALSE |
What are the 5 Properties of Waves |
1. Wavelength
2. Frequency
3. Period
4. Velocity
5. Amplitude |
What is the wavelength? |
Peak to peak distance |
What is Frequency? |
# of peaks that pass a certain point in 1 second. |
What is the period of a wave? |
The amount of time between peaks |
What is the velocity of a wave? |
Speed and direction of a wave peak |
What is the amplitude of waves? |
The height of the wave |
What are the 2 types of waves? |
1. Transverse
2. Longitudinal
|
What is a Longitudinal Wave? |
Material moves left and right and wave moves left and right, ex. slinky, sound waves |
What is Interference? |
When waves from 2 different sources interact, total after they interact is the sum of the 2 waves |
What are Electromagnetic Waves? |
Are able to travel through a vacuum without medium, the same as light |
What is the Doppler Effect? |
Occurs when a source of light is moving towards or away from you |
According to the Doppler Effect, what happens when light is moving towards you? |
Wave is compressed, wave is smaller, light is blueshifted |
According to the Doppler Effect, what happens when light is moving away from you? |
Wave is spread out, wavelength is longer, Light is Redshifted |
What is Polarization? |
Orientation of light waves |
What happens when light is polarized? |
All light waves have the same orientation |
What happens when light is unpolarized? |
There is a mix of all different orientations |