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CHM 303: EXAM 1
Stereoisomers
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same connectivity; projected differently in space. 3D
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Enantiomer (optical isomer)
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non-superimposable mirror images. Identical physical properties, except optical activity
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Chiral
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Non-superimposable mirror image -"handedness" molecules that can exist as enantiomers are said to possess the property of chirality, or handedness.
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Achiral
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Superimposable mirror image
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Asymmetric Carbon
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A carbon atom to which four different groups are bound. All molecules with only one chiral center (stereogenic center) are chiral molecules
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Diastereomers
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Stereoisomers that are not mirror images and are not enantiomers. Will have more than one chiral center. Have completely different physical properties
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(R)-Enantiomer
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(R=rectus="right") - an enantiomer that has a clockwise order of prioritized groups attached to the chiral center
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(S)-Enantiomer
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(S=sinister="left") - enantiomer that has a counter-clockwise order of prioritized groups attached to the chiral center
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Meso Compounds
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certain molecules containing two or more chiral centers that are not chiral molecules overall due to the presence of a plane of symmetry through the molecule
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Optical Activity
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Property of an enantiomeric molecule that allows it to rotate plane-polarized light
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Levorotatory
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(-) Rotation of plane-polarized light to the left (counterclockwise)
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Dextrorotatory |
(+) Rotation of plane-polarized light to the right (clockwise)
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Racemic Mixture (racemate)
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A 50/50 mixture into its pure enantiomers
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Resolution
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the separation of racemic mixture into its pure enantiomeric components
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Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority Rules
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(Same system used to determine E-/Z-isomerism) - Rules used to assign priority to groups to assist in accurately naming a molecule
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Methane
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CH4 |
Ethane |
CH3CH3
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propane
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CH3CH2CH3
3 carbons
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Butane
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CH3CH2CH2CH3 - 4 carbon chain
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Pentane
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5 carbon chain
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Hexane
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6 carbon chain
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Heptane
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7 carbon chain
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Octane
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8 carbon chain
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Nonane |
9 carbon chain
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Decane
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10 carbon chain
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Hybridization
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Count the number of things attached to a given atom (exponents added)
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons
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Mass Number
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protons and neutrons
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Bonds
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Attraction/force that holds atoms together
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Ionic Bonds
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(one extreme) Bonds between opposite ends of the periodic table
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Covalent Bonds
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(Other extreme) Bonds formed between 2 of the same atom
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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Everything in-between: Electrons shared but not evenly
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Formal Charge
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charge on a given atom. Number of electrons it starts with - "owned electrons"
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Owned Electrons
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Non-bonding electrons + (1/2)(#bonding electrons)
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Isomers
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Different compounds but must have same molecular formula
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Constitutional Isomers
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Differ in Connectivity and Physical Properties
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Stereoisomers
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Same Connectivity, but differ in 3-D arrangement of groups
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Resonance |
The ability to move pi-electrons within a molecule, increasing its stability through delocalization of charge
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Resonance Structures
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Lewis structures that only differ in the position of pi-electrons (atoms cannot move, only electrons)
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids
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Donate protons (H+)
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Bronsted-Lowry Bases
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Accept protons (H+)
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Lewis Acids
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Accept lone pairs of e-
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Lewis Bases
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Donate lone pairs of e-
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Nucleophile
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plus charge seeking
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Electrophile
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negative charge seeking
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Hydrocarbons
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Molecules consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms
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Conformations
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same connectivity; different 3D orientations by rotating single bonds (double bonds can't rotate
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Steric Strain
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Forcing two groups closer (than they want to be) to each other
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Cis Cycloalkane Isomers
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same side Me's
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Trans Cycloalkane Isomers
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Opposite side Me's
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Cyclohexane
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Most stable and Most important ring
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