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Dipole-Dipole
b/t polar molecules (permanent dipoles) Strength increases with increasing magnitude of dipole
Ion-Dipole
b/t ions & polar compounds VERY STRONG
Hydrogen bonding
'super' dipole-dipole molecules containing H bonded with F, O, or N
Dispersion
b/t all molecules and atoms due to temporary dipoles increase with increasing molecular/atomic polarizability Polarizability increases with mass (# of e) when molecules have similar mass, consider how shape impacts interaction
viscosity
the resistance of a liquid to flow greater in substances with stronger IM forces increasing in longer molecules that can interact over a greater area and possibly become entangled
vaporization
the phase transition from liquid to gas increases with inc T and inc Surface area decreases with increasing strength of IM forces
Vapor pressure
pressure of a gas in dynamic equilibrium with a liquid normal boiling point- T where the vapor pressure of a gas equals 1 atm Boiling point- T where vapor pressure of a gas equals the external pressure water boils at a lower T at high elevation because atm is lower
Pressure
units- atm, Pa, mm Hg, torr open end manometer: Pgas= Patm + delta h
boyle's law
P1V1=P2V2 (constant T and n)
Charles' Law
V1/T1=P2/T2 (constant P and n)
Avogandro's law
V1/n1=V2/n2 (constant P and T)
combined gas law
P1V1/T1= P2V2/T2
Ideal gas law and applications
PV=nRT STP= 1 atm, 0C Molar volume: 1 mole of an ideal gas @STP= 22.4L Density of a gas: d=P*mm/RT (mm=molar mass) determine molar mass of a gas given info on a sample mass, T, P and V
Mixtures of Gases , Partial Pressures
Ptot=PA+PB+PC... (dalton's Law of Partial Pressures) PA= nART/V, PB=nBRT/V, PC= nCRT/V
Mole Fraction
XA = nA/ntot PA = XA*Ptot
Collecting gas over water
Pgas = Ptot -- PH20
Gases in chemical reactions (Stoichiometry)
write a balanced chemical reaction involving gases (PVT of gas A ==> amount A (in moles) ==> amount B (in moles) ==> PVT of gas B)
Kinetic Molecular Theory Postulates what real gasses do
Postulates gases molecules/atoms are in constant, straight line motion V of gas particles in negligible compared to volume of container IM forces b/t gas particles are negligible collisions b/t particles and container walls are completely elastic Avg KE of particles is proportional t…
Kinetic Molecular Theory Temperature and molecular velocities
@ a given T, lighter particles travel faster (on avg) than heavier particles As T inc, the velocity destribution of gas molecules shifts towards higher Ts and becomes less sharply peaked for a gas sample: KEavg= 3/2 RT
VSEPR Theory
Repulsion of e groups determines molecular shape Electron grps: single bonds, multiple bonds (double, triple), lone pairs of e, single lone e
3 basic shapes and ideal bond angles
linear- 180 degrees trigonal planar- 120 degrees tetrahedral- 109.5 degrees
Effect of lone pairs of e and multiple bonds on ideal bond angles
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Electron geometry vs. Molecular Geometry
excel graph
Predicting the shapes of larger molecules looking at central/internal atoms
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Molecular shape and polarity
dipoles are vector quantities estimate net dipole to determine molecular polarity
valence bond theory
covalent bond rep'd by overlapping atomic orbitals overlapping orbital may b standard atomic orbitals ( i.e. s, p) or hybridized atomic orbitals (i.e. sp, sp2, sp3) hybrid orbitals the # formed is = to # of atomic orbitals mixed E is intermediate b/t those of the mixed atomic orbitals…

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