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PSYC 3303: Chapter 10 Nicotine and Tabacco Use
The estimated number of people worldwide who die each year from tobacco-related illnesses:
Estimated umber worldwide deaths by 2030:
Estimated number of worldwide 20th century deaths: |
-5.4 million
->8 million
-100 million |
What year do historians mark as the year tobacco was introduced to Europe?
|
1559
-by Jean Nicot for the Queen of France's headaches. Century later named "Nicotiana tabacum"
-1604 King James I of England disliked everything about tobacco, "it doth bewitch him" |
One form of tobacco use observed by the early Spanish explorers was the practice of grinding a mixture of tobacco into a fine powder (____), placing or sniffing a pinch of it into the nose, and exhaling with sneeze, By the 1700s this custom, called ____, overtook smoking as the dominant European tobacco use. |
snuff, snuffing |
The two tobacco trends at the time of American Civil War:
|
-cigars ("manly" more American) (Pioneers heading west would indulge in foot-long "stogies" named after Conestoga wagons they road on tedious travels)
-cigarettes (Europe took onto fast, but Americans didn't until the Bonsack machine could produce 120,000 a day by 1800s and were as cheap as 20 for a nickel |
Tobacco in 20th century:
|
cigarettes/advertisements towards both genders based on either masculinity of cigars or femininity of cigarettes
-cigaretts used the most during WWI since easy to take
-1920=$45 billion annually, 1925=$80, 1940=$180 billion |
sidestream smoke
|
-the cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoke breathed by nonsmokers; commonly called secondhand smoke
-is more toxic in filtered than nonfiltered |
How does the smoking habits of smokers who smoke low-T/N cigarettes cancel out the point of it?
|
They tend to take more puffs, hold it in longer, and smoked more of such cigarettes as to get the same amount of nicotine
|
In 2007, it was confirmed that cigarette manufacturers had increased the nicotine concentrations in tobacco from 1997 to 2005 by:
|
11 percent, and also modified certain design features to increase number of puffs
-in medium/mild market nicotine levels more than doubled from 1998 to 2005 in nonmenth. and rose 22 percent in menthol |
ETS |
-Environmental Tobacco Smoke, or "secondhand smoke". Contains high concentration of particulates (tar).
-led to laws enacting smoke free public and private places |
Tobacco Settlement of 1998
|
lawsuit settled by attorney generals in 42 states; settled for $246 billions. tobacco companies have to reinburse states for health causes made from smoking; settlement pays over 25 years and suppose to go to costs to educate youths about not smoking
-overall, less than two percent of revenue collected by the states were used for the purposes envisioned |
2009 Tobacco Control Act
|
Gave FDA authority to regulate tobacco products. Banned candy flavored cigarettes, required full disclosure of ingredients and additives in tobacco products and moved to stop youth-focused marketing.
|
True or False: Cigarette sales abroad today represent a major component of overall U.S. foreign trade. Explain.
|
-True
-Other countries do not implement anything against tobacco sells or problems in general like we do in US so foreign>domestic
-The US trade deficit (more imports than exports) would be way worse if it wasn't for tobacco |
Mainstream smoke
|
-Smoke drawn directly through the mouthpiece of a cigarette.
-tip lit to 1,700 degreesas 4,000 separate compounds are oxidized and released |
In general, we can speak of two components in tobacco smoke:
|
-particulate phase (small particles suspended in smoke, includ. water droplets, nicotine, and a collection of compounds=TAR)
-gaseous phase (gas compounds, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (most toxic), ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, acetaldehyde, and acetone. |
The danger in carbon monoxide is that:
|
it easily attaches itself to hemoglobin, the protein inside red blood cells, occupying those portions of the hemoglobin molecule normally reserved for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
-builds up and asphyxiates body |
The major problem with tar lies in its:
|
-sticky quality
-normally cilia remove contaminants up the ciliary excalator
-accumilation of sticky tar on surface of cells along the pulmonary system permits carcinogenic compounds that would have been eliminated to settle on tissue, resulting in cellular changes that lead to lung cancer |
Nicotine |
.5-2mg in cigarette, %20 of that is ingested (pack-a-day smokers may get 2-8mg or 4-16mg; 60mg drop would kill adult)
-easily passes BBB and half-life is 2-3 hours
-stimulates CNS acetylcholine receptors/nicotine recept.
-releases adrenaline, increases heart rate and blood pressure, but "relaxing" because it helps clearer thinking and relaxes muscles |
What is responsible for the dependence of nicotine (like as seen following WWII in Germany during "cigarette famine")?
|
-nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (area responsible for reinforcing properties of opiates, cocaine, and alcohol)
-5-8 sec speed in which nicotine reaches the brain
-variety of settings and circumstances that are learned (cup of coffee w/ cigarette in morning) |
titration hypothesis
|
cigarette smokers attempt to titrate or adjust their nicotine intake to keep the level of nicotine from getting too high or too low;
assumes that the smoker starts smoking when nicotine blood level falls below a certain point in order to avoid withdrawal and
stops smoking when blood levels get too high in order to avoid unpleasant toxic effects. |
The strongest dependence-related effect of cigarette smoking can be seen in the symptoms of withdrawal that follow the discontinuation of smoking: |
-within about six hours after the last cigarette the smoker's heart rate and blood pressure decrease
-over the next twenty-four hours common symptoms include headache, inability to concentrate, irritability, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia/sleep disturbances, consistent cravings for cigarette |
The adverse health consequences of tobacco use can be classified in three broad categories:
|
cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer
|
CHD |
Coronary Heart Disease
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart |
CHD: ________, in which the walls of arteries harden and lose their elasticity;________ in which fatty deposits inside arteries impede blood flow; and ________, in which interruption or reduction in blood flow causes damage to the brain. |
-arteriosclerosis
-atherosclerosis
-ischemic stroke |
COPD |
-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, includes:
-chronic bronchitis=excesses mucus builds up in air passages, leading to inflammation of bronchial tissue
-emphysema=air sacs in the lungs are abnormally enlarged and become inelastic or rupture, leading to difficulty in inhaling/exhaling CO2 |
carcinomas |
-cancerous tumors/growths
|
Continuing contact with tobacco in the mouth has been shown to produce precancerous cell changes, as revealed by _____ (white spots) and _____ (red spots) inside the mouth and nasal cavity. |
leukoplakia, erythroplakia
|
nitrosamines |
group of carcinogenic compounds found in tobacco
|
Women who smoke have:
|
-a more than 3 times greater risk of dying from stroke due to brain hemorrhaging and almost two times greater risk of dying from heart attack
-if using birth-control the risk increases to 22-20 times
-low birth rate, physical defects, and systolic (very high) blood pressure at 2mo |
Approximately ___ percent of the smoke in an average room where people are smoking cigarettes is generated by sidestream smoke, and about _____ of the nicotine originating from these cigarettes ends up in the atmosphere. |
85%, 3/4
|
Conclusions of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke:
|
-raises risk of heart disease 25-30 percent
-raises risk of lung cancer by 20-30 percent
-cause of SIDS
-increased risk of bronchitis, middle ear disease, wheezing, and childhood asthma |
It is estimated that environmental smoke exposure accounts for ______ premature deaths from heart disease and ____ premature deaths from cancer among adults in US each year. |
46,000
3,400 |
Patterns of smoking behavior:
|
-in 1965 40% of teens and adults smoked
-in 2011, 22% |