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Final Study Guide
Johnson Plan |
Based on Lincoln's plan. Wanted to reunite the country only in political terms. Black codes of 1865 and Johnson's leniency towards the south led to the failure of the plan. |
Moderate Republican Plan |
Created the Freedman's Bureau. Fourteenth amendment added to the Constitution. Johnson convinced southerners to reject it. |
13th Amendment |
Freed slaves |
• 14th amendment |
Civil rights of blacks |
15th Amendment |
Right to vote |
Radical Reconstruction |
In order to vote men had to take a loyalty oath. Marshall law was declared. Created groups such as KKK. Also called black reconstruction. |
Compromise of 1877 |
Reconstruction ended with this. Deal with the devil. Between Hayes and Tilden. Tilden actually won but Hayes makes deal with southern states and he becomes president. |
Jim Crow |
extreme racial difficulties |
social darwinism |
only the fittest would survive |
disenfranchisement |
take away someone's right to vote |
Plessey V. Ferguson |
landmark Supreme Court decision upholding racial segregation under the doctrine “separate but equal” |
Violence |
illegal lynching |
The Great Migration |
Blacks moved to urban places in the north and in some parts of the south |
Spontaneous Protests |
Boycotts of transportation systems |
harlem renissance |
creativity amound af am writers, artists, muscians, who gathered in harlem 1920s |
Role of Civil War |
victory for free labor, introduced new products, and created war profits |
Reasons for American Expansion |
"1. religion
2. industrial and agriculteral growth
3. closing frontier
4. racial ideology of social darwinism
5. Alfred Thayer Mahan
6. Manifest Destiny
7. Scramble for Empire" |
Religion |
Missionaries convert other races to christianity; stimulate interest and promote trade |
Industrial and agricultural growth |
domestic markets unable to consume; to prevent another depression; high production demands; latin america and asia presented best potential markets |
Closing Frontier |
"america redefining frontier; expansion beyond our borders; Fred Jackson Turner Frontier thesis; argued key to American success was the frontier, the nation could always reinvent itself
-Asia and Latin America become new manifest destiny" |
Racial Ideology of Social Darwinism |
reinforced that Asians and Latin Americans were incapable of governing themselves; provided scientific reasoning for expansion; reinforced american notion of being an exceptional people |
Alfred Thayer Mahan |
to be great the US needed 3 things: large merchant marine (trade with other nations), strong navy(power), naval bases (expansion) |
Manifest Destiny |
God wants america to succeed, everything is in Gods hands |
Scramble for Empire |
if america doesn't expand now, they will never have a chance; economic overflow; Hawaii annexed |
A-Bomb |
nuclear weapon |
Fair Employment Practices Committee |
companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion |
Lorena Hickok |
an American journalist known for her close relationship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt |
Nye Committee |
investigated the financial and banking interests which underlay United States' involvement in World War I, and was a significant factor in public and political support for American neutrality in the early stages of World War II |
Civil Rights Act 1964 |
was a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[1] that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and also women |
Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
"ended segregation in the South
Passed by LBJ" |
Voting Rights Act 1965 |
outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S |
EO 8802 |
signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry |
EO9981 |
President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services |
Truman Doctrine |
an international relations policy set forth by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech[1] on March 12, 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere |
Truman Doctrine |
""start of Cold War"
US to support Greece and Turkey to prevent from Communist movements |
Loss of China |
the Communist Party take over mainland China from the Nationalists in 1949,[1] and therefore the "loss of China to communism". |
Hoover |
"Not a politician--did not like confrontation
Prosperity and Pride in a time of Poverty and Humility (too proud for fed aid)
Bonus Army Incident-Hoover didn't acknowledge, sent in McArthur and US Army
Emergence of Hooverization (responsible for everything) 1)Hoover Flag 2) "Hoovering" Around |
Flexible Response |
a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy of Massive Retaliation |
Public Works Administration |
It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy |
Office of War Information |
coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warn about foreign spies and recruit women into war work |
Works Progress Administration |
was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects,[1] including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects |
Neutrality Acts 35' 37' 39' |
in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts |
Emergency Banking Act |
This act allows only Federal Reserve-approved banks to operate in the United States of America |
LBJ |
democrat from Texas, JFK's VP |
Tet offensive |
a campaign of surprise attacks that were launched against military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam, during a period when no attacks were supposed to take place |
The New Look |
reflected Eisenhower's concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments of the United States with the nation's financial resources and emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union |
Martin Luther King |
was an American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience |
Sputnik |
first artificial Earth satellite |
NSC-68 |
NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to make Containment against Communist expansion a high priority |
Massive Retaliation |
is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack |
Rosie the Riveter |
a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies |
Emmett Till |
an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi at the age of 14 after reportedly flirting with a white |
Huey Long |
an American politician who served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928–1932 and as a member of the United States Senate from 1932 until his assassination in 1935 |
Huey Long |
American governor who was once 1 of the 2 most feared men in US along with McArthur |
Containment Doctrine |
a policy that incorporates both military and economic action to prevent the spread of communism |
JFK |
Massachusetts. Catholic, 35th President, VP LBJ |
Social Security Act |
The act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly |
TVA |
a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression |
Silent Generation |
a label for the generation of Americans born from 1925–1942 notably during the Great Depression and World War II |
Domino Theory |
speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect |
Wagner Act |
foundational statute of US labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary |
Wagner Act |
Legalized UNIONS
collective bargaining in closed shops |
FDIC |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC) is a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933 |
Eleanor Roosevelt |
was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, holding the post from 1933 to 1945 during her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office |
Ike |
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower |
NATO |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party |
Brown v. Board |
in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional |
Cuban Missle Crisis |
was a 13-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side, and the United States on the other |
Election of 1960 |
JFK v Nixon, closest ever election. JFK won with VP LBJ |
Jackie Robinson |
Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947 |
Fire Hose Analogy |
Roosevelt devised a plan where the necessary supplies and equipment could be lent and leased to England. Using the analogy of lending a neighbor your garden hose if his house was on fire and thereby keeping the fire from spreading to your own house, he gained support for the concept. |
Yalta Conference |
was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization |
Potsdam Conference |
The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of the war |
Greensboro Four |
Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States |
Arsenal of Democracy |
was a slogan coined by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting |
Marshall Plan |
was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism |
Charles Coughlin |
He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as possibly thirty million listeners tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s |
Lend-Lease |
The Lend Lease act was an act where the United States had supported its allies |
Francis Townsend |
was an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression |
Frances Perkins |
was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet |
Bonus Army Incident |
It was a group of picketers, consisted of WWI vets and their families |
Harry Truman |
The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health |
Causes of Great Depression |
Unregulated culture of GREED |
1)Unequal distribution of wealth |
economy decrease, standard of living increase |
2) Lack of purchasing power |
ample supply, NO DEMAND
STOPPAGE OF INVESTING |
3) Rise of Credit--Over Reliance |
Credit becomes means of living
abundance of call in loans, no bank regulation
people buying stock==desperate (gambling) |
4) Lack of regulation in banks and stock |
Banks: investing leading to DEMISE
Stocks: SOUNDS AND PROSPERING economy because of reliance of stock market
NO ONE KNEW VALUE OF STOCK
Investing in "sick" corporations |
FDR |
complete opposite of Hoover, controlled everything, incredibly convincing
POLIO: "forgotten man"
Warm Springs, GA to try to help:
1) Lack of equality of Blacks in south
2) White and Black poverty
3) Handicapped
Comes back and Governor of NY |
Emergency Banking Act (EBA) |
able to both parties to pass it
3 days to fix banks/ shut banks down for one week
REGULATED BANKS
FDR sent fireside saying: "banks are safer than under the mattress" |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
insures bank deposits 5000 or less
to prevent cash runs on banks |
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
Audited corporations, made them tell the "truth"
stock market reflects ECONOMIC STATUS |
Beer and Wine Act |
"Legalized beer and wine--NOT LIQUOR
Boosted American morale, made jobs, increased STATE REVENUES" |
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
Convinced farmers "less is more"
Raised farmed goods prices 50%
Ruled unconstitutional |
National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
ATTEMPTED to convince industry "less is more"
Quotas, minimum wage, max hours
RULED UNCONSTITUTIONAL |
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
Series of dams throughout Tennessee River Vally
Made Jobs, prevented soil erosion, CHEAP HYDRO-ELECTRIC power |
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) |
work relief for unemployed 18-25 year olds.
$35 a month, $25 sent home |
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) |
home relief----WELFARE
Lorena Hickok sent to see how successful FERA was yet found:
"old poverty"
FDR ditches FERA, makes WPA |
Works Progress Administration (WPA) |
hired people to carry PUBLIC WORKS (concerts, infrastructural improvements) |
Social Security act of 1935 |
1) pensions for ages over 65
2) disability insurance
3)unemployment insurance
--provide ""safety net"" for an industrialized America |
Executive Order 8802 |
integrated defense industry |
Executive Order 9981 |
integrated military |
Brown v Board of Ed |
overturned Plessy v Ferguson
Overturned by Earl Warren |
Montgomery Bus Boycott |
Rise of MLK |