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ANT 102: EXAM 3
Stratigraphy, Flourine Analysis, Biostratigraphy and Paleomagnetism are all what type of dating method?
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Relative |
Stratigraphy |
lower stratum is older than a higher stratum
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fluorine analysis
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relative dating method that applies to bones found in the ground. Longer the bone is in the ground the more fluorine it will have absorbed.
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biostratigraphy |
relative dating method. uses the presence of certain fossil species of known age to calibrate the age of a site.
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Paleomagnetism
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relative dating method - relies on determining the orientation of magnetic particles in rocks to cross check other dating techniques.
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absolute dating
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a method of assigning a precise historical date to periods and objects, based on known and recorded events in the region as well as technically extracted physical evidence.
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Laetoli |
Australopithecus footprints were found here showing that they walk upright.
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Olduvai
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showed increased developmental and social complexities in hominids.
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Hadar, Ethiopia
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Lucy the skeleton was found here. First hominid fossil was found here.
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Lake Turkana
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Kenyanthrenpus skull found here. Australopithicine has been found here. Over 150 hominid specimens found here.
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Skhul |
One of the earlier discoveries of modern humans.
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La Chapelle-Aux Saints
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One of the most important Neanderthal discoveries comes from here - extremely robust neanderthal was found.
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Cro-Magnon
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Best known sample of western European homosapiens was found here - first early human discovery.
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Qafzeh |
One of the earlier discoveries of modern humans.
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Flores Islands - Liang Bua Cave
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May have been a late surviving population of erectus like humans on these islands.
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Oldowan |
Earliest stone tool industry in prehistory
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Acheulian Handaxe
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large chipped stone objects which represent the oldest and longest used formally shaped working tool ever used by human beings.
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Levallois
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tool making technique that required several complex and coordinated steps used to control flake size and shape of tool/blade making
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Mousterian |
Numerous flakes could be produced from the same core. Flakes were made into knives, blades, etc.
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Upper paleolithic technologies
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Appearance of new tool types and increased use of materials such as bone, ivory, and antler.
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Chatelperronian
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earliest industry of upper paleolithic
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Aurigracian Grarettian
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culture of upper paleolithic
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Solutrean |
industry of the upper paleolithic - advanced flint tool making style
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Magdelenan |
Later culture of upper paleolithic
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Atlatl
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Spear thrower - appeared during magdelnan - uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart throwing.
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Advantages of bipedal adaptation
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freeing of hands from locomotion. Providing better predator detection. Reducing the thermal load on the body.
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Structural changes of Bipedal Adaptation
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Pelvis changes, repositioned foramen magnum, spinal curvature increased, lengthening of the hind limb, inward angling of the femur, development of longitudinal arch of the foot, realignment of the big toe.
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Complete replacement model
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ยท Anatomically modern populations arose in Africa and dispersed - which replaced premodern populations.
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Partial replacement model
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Modern humans expanded out of Africa but there was interbreeding among modern humans and regional premodern populations
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Regional continuity Model
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premodern forms throughout the old world evolved into modern humans
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Australopithecus anamensis
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Earliest australopithecus remains. Indicative remains of bipedalism. Retain primitive characteristics.
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Lucy skeleton Most primitive member of austrolopithecus. Bipedal hominid.
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Australopithecus aethiopicus
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robust australopithecines
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Australopithecus garhi
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gracile, small brain, larger teeth
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Australopithecus Aethiopicus
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oldest robust australopith,
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australopithecus boisei
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robust australopithecine
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Australopithecus africanus
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south african hominid. More hominid like than hominoid like.
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homo habilis
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a species of early human
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Homo erectus/ergaster
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Early homo. Modern post cranial skeleton.
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Homo
florensinsis
13,000 ya
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Found in Flores, E. of Java
small-bodied, small brained, thickness of cranium like Homo erectus
417 cc
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Archaic & modern Homo sapiens
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(co-existed with Neanderthals from 100,000 ybp)
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Neandertals |
a distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Eurpose and southwestern asia. Large brains and larger bodies with short limbs and arched brow ridges.
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Pleistocene
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Ice ages - hominids were most affected by this
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Upper paleolithic
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These people had behavioral advantages - there were 5 industrial ages - new tools - art - culturalal innovations
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