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ANT 102: EXAM 1
Thomas Malthus
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Wrote "an essay on the principle of population" that inspired Darwin and Wallace in their discoveries of natural selection. Created the concept that animal populations grow faster than the resource base to sustain them. Individuals compete for resources.
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Charles Lyell
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Founder of modern geology, argued that geological processes we see today are the same in the past - Uniformitarianism
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Jean Baptist Lamarck
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Argued that environmental change would cause a species to physically change based on its new activity. Giraffes.
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Same idea of natural selection as Darwin.
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George Cuvier
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Argued that increased complexity of species was the result of regional catastrophism over time and also introduced the concept of extinction.
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Gregor Mendel
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Discovered how heredity works by experimenting with tea plants. Founder of genetics.
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Charles Darwin
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Discovered theory of natural selection. Published "on the origin of species" in December of 1859.
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Anthropology
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Study of human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology
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Four sub disciplines of anthropology
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Cultural Anthropology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Physical Anthropolgy
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Biocultural evolution
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The mutual interaction between biology and culture in influencing evolution
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Cultural Relativism
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Viewing entities as they relate to something else. The view that cultures have merits within their own historical and environmental contexts
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ethnocentrism
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tendency to judge all other groups according to the standards, behaviors and customs of one's own group
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Culture |
Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. A set of learned behaviors passed from generation to the next.
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Uniformitarianism |
The concept that the geological process that took place in the past are similar to those that occur now.
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Natural Selection
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the most critical mechanism of evolutionary change, first described by Charles Darwin. Refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals.
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Fitness in terms of natural selection
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pertaining to natural selection, a measure of the relative productive success in individuals. Measured by an individuals genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals.
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Evolution |
A change in the genetic structure of a population. Also frequently used to refer to the appearance of new species.
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gametes |
specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome
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DNA |
the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. Main component of chromosomes.
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Genetic Drift
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evolutionary changes, or changes in allele frequencies, that are produced by random factors in small populations. Genetic drift is a result of small population size.
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Gene Flow
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exchange of genes between populations
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Mutation
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A change in DNA. The term can refer to changes in DNA bases as well as to changes in chromosome number and/or structure.
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Fixity of Species
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the notion that species, once created, can never change; an idea diametrically opposed to theories of biological evolution.
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Catastrophism |
the view that the earth’s geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.
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Eugenics |
the philosophy of “race improvement” through the forced sterilization of members of some groups and increased reproduction among others; an overly simplified, often racist view that’s now discredited.
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Biological Determinism
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the concept that phenomena, including varios aspects of behavior are governed by biological factors; the inaccurate association of various behavioral attributes with certain biological traits, such as skin color.
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Mendellian Traits
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characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. Examples include blood types, genetic disorders.
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Polygenic Traits
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referring to traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci. Examples include stature, skin color, eye color, and hair color. Many traits are influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition and exposure to sunlight.
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Dominant Traits
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describing a trait governed by an allele that’s expressed in the presence of another allele. Dominant alleles prevent the expression of recessive alleles in heterozygotes.
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Homozygous |
having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes
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Heterozygous
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having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes
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Polytypic
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referring to species composed of populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits
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Vasoconstriction
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Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin. Vasoconstriction is an involuntary response to cold and reduces heat loss at the skin’s surfaces.
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Vasodilation
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expansion of blood vessels, permitting increased blood flow to the skin. Vasodilation permits warming of the skin and facilitates radiation of warmth as a means of cooling. It is an involuntary response to warm temperatures, various drugs, and even emotion states.
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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a severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. It results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele.
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Population
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within a species, a community of individuals where mates are usually found.
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Ribosomes
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structures composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes are found in a cells cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteins.
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Meiosis |
cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes
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Mitosis
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simple cell division. Where somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells.
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Recombination
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the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis; also called crossing over.
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Acclimatization |
physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individuals lifetime. May be temporary or permanent.
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Lactose Intolerance
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The gene that codes for lactase production “switches off” in adolescence. Once this happens people get diarrhea and gastrointestinal upset if milk is ingested.
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HIV Resistance
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A genetic mutation that involves a receptor site not allowing HIV and other viruses to enter the cell and infect individuals.
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Rickets |
a condition that often leads to bowing of the long bones and the legs and deformation of the pelvis.
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Physical Anthropology
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the study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture.
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Bergmann's Rule
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body size tends to be larger in cold parts of the range & smaller in warm parts (maximize heat production
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Allen's rule
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-Shorter limb/protrusion lengths preferable for colder environments
-Longer limb/protrusion lengths preferable for warmer environments
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Recessive |
describing a trait that isn’t expressed as heterozygotes. Must have two copies of the allele to be expressed.
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RNA |
a single stranded molecule similar in structure to DNA. Three forms of RNA are essential to protein synthesis.
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Cells |
the basic units of all living things
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Prokaryotic Cells
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A cell without a nucleus and other organelles
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Eukaryotic |
A cell that possesses both organelles and a nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane
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homologous chromosomes
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members of a chromosome pair that contain the same genes and that pair during meiosis
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intelligent design
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the idea that life is so complex, it could only have been created by intelligent design
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