BIOL 3442: Test 1
41 Cards in this Set
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6 lvls of physiology; lysosomes
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sub-cellular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system; cell's digestive system w/ hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down organic molecules
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peroxisomes (3)
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oxidizes toxins, removes intracellular O2, & breaks fatty acids down into acetyl CoA
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homeostatic regulation; positive feedback
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adjustment of physiological systems to maintain stability; has a destabilizing effect, so doesn't result in homeostasis
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3 components of homeostatic regulation
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receptor, integration/control center to receive & process info, & effector to respond to control center's commands
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reset system (2)
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negative feedback system in which set pt is adjusted; can be temporary (eg. fever), permanent (eg. sexual maturity), or cyclical (eg. hibernation)
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hierarchial control of homeostasis (3)
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cellular < intrinsic (self-serving tissues or organs) < extrinsic (factors external to organs, serve organism as a whole)
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conformers; what physiological mechanisms often depend on; Krogh principle
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don't adjust to changing environmental conditions; body size; for any problems, there is some animal(s) of choice that is optimal for studying it
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cytosol vs cytoplasm; 2 cytoskeleton components; 4 components of extracellular matrix
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goop inside cell vs everything inside cell; filaments & microtubules; glycoprotein complexes, collagen, connecting glycoproteins, integrins
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3 cell junctions
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desmosomes (bound w/ rivets), tight junctions (wall-to-wall in verts only), & gap junctions (hydrophilic channels in b/n)
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where mitochondria DNA is fr; skeleton fence model
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Mom's DNA, not nucleus' DNA; came after fluid mosaic model & says membrane proteins are constrained by being tethered to or limited by membrane skeleton
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glycolysis' 2 phases; Krebs cycle products
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investment of 2 ATP & payoff w/ net total of 2 ATP & pyruvate for Krebs cycle; makes more potential nrg than glycolysis & ATP, NADH, & FADH2
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osmolarity (2)
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measure of osmoles of solute per vol (eg. NaCl is 2 Osm fr Na+ & Cl¯, considers concs of both membrane-penetrating & non-penetrating solutes
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tonicity; when osmosis stops
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only considers conc of non-penetrating solutes; when hydrostatic pressure = osmotic pressure
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cytokines (2); what happens to pyruvate in Krebs cycle
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regulatory peptides generally involved in development or immunity that can be short or long-ranged, can be made by any cell; oxidized into acetyl CoA
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Na-K pump
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3 Na+ fr inside bind to pump; ATP binds & leaves behind a P to change pump's shape to out Na+, making it receptive to 2 K+ binding; shape changes to let K+ in
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Cl¯ conc in reln to cell; ligands
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higher outside of membrane; intracellular chemical messengers that req receptors
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paracrines (2) neurotranmitters (2)
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short ranged, reach target cells via diffusion; short ranged, released by neurons to target a neuron, muscle, or gland in response to an electrical signal
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hormones; neurohormones
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secreted by endocrine glands into circulatory system for long range; secreted by neurosecretory neurons into circulatory system for long range
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# of Golgis in ea cell; pheromones
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varies but is usually 1, mults are often in secretory cells; released into enviro by glands to target those of same species
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parathyroid glands (2); pineal gland
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2 pairs embedded in thyroid, regulate blood Ca & bone metabolism; releases melatonin fr middle of brain
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adrenal glands (5)
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outer cortex releases corticosteroids to regulate metabolism, salt/water balance, immunity, & sexual function; inner medulla releases catecholamines
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pancreas (3)
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releases digestive enzymes as exocrine gland, releases insulin & glucagon as endocrine gland
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ICF; ECF (2)
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intracellular fluid dom by K+ & organic molecules; extracellular fluid made up of vascular & tissue (interstitial) components
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insensible loss (2)
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sweat that evaporates w/o notice, can lose up to 0.5 L of water this way;
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sweat (4)
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liq fr plasma exits sweat glands, blood's increased osmolarity is replenished by interstitial fluid, which is replenished by ICF, which is replenished by external water
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low sweat vs high sweat
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more K+ than Na+ & Cl¯, time for water to be reabsorbed osmotically vs ion lvls sim to primary secretion & lots of water
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sources of fluid loss; metabolism produces...
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0.5 L breathing, up to 3 L sweating, ~1.5 L urinating, 0.1 L in feces; 110 g of water fr 100 g of fat, w/ extra wt fr O2
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hemorrhage
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arteriole end's hydrostatic pressure is normally > osmotic pressure so that fluid flows out; blood loss ⇒ fluid flows into arterioles
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ADH (3)
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aka vasopressin, released by posterior pituitary when stim by hypothalamus, ↑ water reabsorption in kidneys
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aldosterone; amt of water needed to excrete urea; polydipsia
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released by adrenal glands to ↑ kidney's Na+ reabsorption; ≥400 mL; too much water
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water poisoning (2)
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can lead to acute congestive cardiac failure where backed up L ventricle → pulmonary edema → suffocation, diluted electrolytes ⇒ neuronal failure
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osmoconformers (3)
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animals restricted to where they can live b/c they don't osmoregulate; internal osmotic pressure = enviro's; marine inverts & chondrichthyes
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5 osmolytes
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carbs, free AAs, methylamine solutes (eg. TMAO, protein stabilizer for countering urea), urea, methylsulfonium solutes (eg. DMSP in corals)
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2 kinds of osmoregulators
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hypo-osmotic (marine bony fish & some crustaceans) & hyperosmotic (freshwater animals)
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hypo-osmotic regulators (3)
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maintains internal osmolarity of 300-400 mOsm, counters water loss fr skin & excess ion entry fr drinking by active ion depuration via gills & conc urine secretion
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hyperosmotic regulators (4)
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maintains internal osmolarity of 250-300 mOsm; counters excess water entry fr skin & ion loss by not drinking, actively taking up ions through gills, & secreting dilute urine
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pH formula & where it's higher in the body; acid-base balance formula (3)
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= -log[H+], arterial blood where H2CO3 happens fr CO2 fr cells; CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3¯, where H2CO3¯ = carbonic acid & HCO3¯ = bicarbonate
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3 ways pH is regulated
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buffers (CO2-HCO3¯ in ECF; peptide & protein, phosphate, & hemoglobin in ICF), respiration, & excretion
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henderson-hasselbalch eqn; regulation via breathing
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pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid]), where acid ∝ [CO2] & base ∝ [HCO3¯]; breathing ↑ when blood becomes acidic to drop [CO2] & v.v.
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respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis
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hypoventilation ⇒ ↑ in [CO2]; diabetes, diarrhea, or strenuous exercise ⇒ ↓ in [HCO3¯]
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respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis;
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hyperventilation ⇒ ↓ in [CO2]; vomiting ⇒ ↑ in [HCO3¯]
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BIOL 3442: Test 2