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MICROB 3200: EXAM 1
Gram + |
Simple, thick peptidoglycan, has teichoic acids
**NO OUTER MEMBRANE OR LPS**
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Gram- |
More complex than gram+, thin peptidoglycan layer, no teichoic acid
**Has an outer membrane and LPS (responsible for toxicity)
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Peptidoglycan made up of.. |
Alternating NAG & NAM, as well as cross-linking transpeptides
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Peptidoglycan functions: (3) |
Shape
Protection Diffusion
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LPS made of |
Lipid A --responsible for toxicity
Core oligosaccharide O polysaccharide antigen
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Ribosomes |
Site of protein synth
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Inclusion |
reserve energy molecules
contain phosphate, polysaccharide, ipid, sulfer etc. Most are energy reserves Helpful in diagnosis
|
Corynebacterium diptheriae |
Metachromatic phosphate containing granules (INCLUSIONS)
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Catabolism |
The process of substrate breakdown
GENERATES ATP
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Anabolism |
the process of synthesis of cellular elements
**REQUIRES ATP**
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3 Important electron carriers |
NAD
NADP FAD
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Coenzymes |
organic by nature
many are synth from vitamins --NAD is made from niacin
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Cofactors |
Inorganic by nature
Improve fit Ions of Mg, Zn, Mn
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Factors that influence rate of enzymatic reactions (4) |
Temp
pH enzyme and substrate concentrations presence of inhibitors
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Competitive inhibitors |
similar in structure to substrate
competes for active site
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Noncompetitive inhibition |
bind to a site other than active site
pushes on it which changes the shape of the active site
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Feedback inhibition |
end product of reaction binds to and inactivates enzyme
reversible noncompetitive
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Neisseria meningitidis *Is it aerobic or anaerobic?/What does it utilize |
obligate aerobe
utilizes glucose/maltose
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Escherichia coli *Aerobic or anaerobic/what does it utilize? |
faculative anaerobes
utilizes glucose & lactose
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Clostridium Tetani *Aerobic or anaerobic |
obligate anaerobe,
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae utilizes__ |
glucose
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Shigella sonnei utilizes__ |
glucose |
S. Aureus utilizes__ |
mannitol
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Clostridium perfringens utilizes__ |
glucose
produces butyric acid which causes tissue damage
|
Lipid catabolism |
bacteria produce lipase that breaks down fats
produces fatty acids cause inflammation & redness **cause of acne**
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Major sites of antibiotic targeting (5) |
cell wall
cell membrane ribosomes metabolic pathway DNA
|
bactericidal |
kill bacteria
used when host defense mechanisms are impaired required in endocarditis, kidney infections
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bacteriostatic |
inhibit bacteria
used when hosts defense mech are intact
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Vancomycin |
interferes with aline-aline bridges in gram + bacteria
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Penicillin |
effective primarily against gram + organisms
beta lactam antibiotic
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Ampicillin & Amoxicillin |
effective against both gram + and -
Used in UTI, salmonella, mono & strep A Adverse effects : allergic rxns, anaphalactic shock
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1st gen cephalosporin |
cephalexin |
2nd gen cephalosporin |
cefuroxime |
3rd gen cephalosporin |
ceftazidime
|
4th gen cephalosporin |
cefepime
|
Amphotericin B |
attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes
**ANTIFUNGAL MED** humans somewhat susceptible b/c cholesterol is similar to ergosterol -- leads to nephrotoxicity
|
Chloramphenicol 4 adverse effects |
INHIBITS 50s SUBUNIT RIBOSOME
crosses blood brain barrier 1st choice in brain abscess caused by staph aureus Adverse effects: bone marrow supression, aplastic anemia, grey baby syndrome, leukemia
|
Lincomycin |
INHIBITS 50S
used in anaerobic and severe aerobic infections Adverse effect: pseudomembranous colitis (clostridium difficile
|
Erythromycin |
effective against gram + bacteria, mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophilia
adverse effects: GI disturbances
|
Tetracycline |
INHIBITS 30S
used to treat acne vulgaris, rocky mtn spotted fever, lyme disease, non-gonococcal urethritis is a broad spectrum antibiotic adverse effects: stains teeth, inactivated by calcium, photosensitivity, drug induced lupus and hepatitis
|
Amnioglycosides |
INHIBITS 30S
used to treat severe gram - infections and TB adverse effects: nephrotoxicity &ototoxicity
|
Lopinavir & Ritonavir |
inhibit HIV specific protease
*type of drug used in inhibition of metabolic pathways
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Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole |
used to treat otitis media, UTI
adverse effects: rash, stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis
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Acyclovir, AZT, Lamivudine |
inhibits viral nucleic acid synth
also effective against rapidly dividing cancer cells
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Quinolones & Floroquinolones |
inhibit prokaryotic DNA gyrase
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Rifampin |
inhibit action of RNA polymerase during transcription
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Quinolones used for: (4 adverse effects) |
treatment of pneumonia, UTI, gastroenteritis, atypical pneumonia
adverse effects = peripheral neuropathy, stevens johnson syndrome, pseudomembranous colitis(c. difficile), seizures
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Chromosome mediated genetic resistance |
spontaneous mutation in target molecule or in drug uptake system
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Plasmid mediated resistance |
common in gram - rods
transferred via conjugation thru pilli *cause of multi drug resistance
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Pathogenicity |
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
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virulence |
degree of pathogenicity
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virulence factors: (4) |
adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, antiphagocytic factors
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