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CHEM 2030: TEST 3
what cause an alkane to be a phenol?
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addition of OH group
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what is the distance b/w atoms in H-O bond in water?
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2 A
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what is the distance b/w atoms in the hydrogen bonding in water?
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1 A
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Ka=
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[products] / [reactants not including water]
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pKa=
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-log(Ka)
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what is the equation for the industrial synthesis of methanol?
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CO+2H2 --ZnOCr2O3--> CH3OH
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what is the equation for the industrial synthesis of ethanol?
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C12H12O11 + H2O --yeast--> 4CH3CH2OH + 4CO2
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describe how water acts as a base?
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steals H+ from acid
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describe how water acts as an acid?
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gives a H+ to the base
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describe what happens when water and alcohol mix?
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alcohol loses the H+ from the OH group
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what is the pKa of water?
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15.7
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increase pKa means what?
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decreased dissociation and weaker acid
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what kind of rxn occurs with combo of acid and heat?
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elimination
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what happens when O is protonated?
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it fights to get rid of pos. charge
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what is the best leaving group?
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water
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what is the chem formula of sulfuric acid?
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H2SO4
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chem formula of sulfuris acid?
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H2SO3
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chem formula of thionyl chloride?
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SOCl2
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what two reactants come together to form an ester?
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alcohol and inorganic acid
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are phenols activating or deactivating?
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activating
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what is the outline for the chem formula of an alkoxide?
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RO-
sometimes with addition of a salt
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what happens during dehydration rxn?
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ejection of both H+ and OH- from phenol, creating water
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how are halides formed from alcohols?
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the non-H portion of an acid combines with the R portion of the alchol, water is formed from H and OH leftovers
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what does the oxidation of a primary alcohol produce?
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aldehyde the carboxylic acid
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what does the oxidation of a secondary alcohol form?
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ketone |
what is the basic chem formula of aldehyde?
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R-C(=O)-H
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what is the basic chem formula of carboxylic acid?
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R-C(=O)-OH
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what is the basic chem formula of a ketone?
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R-C(=O)-R
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how do we form aldehydes with oxidation w/o forming carboxylic acid?
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use non-water solvent such as methylene chloride
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breakdown the name of pyridinium chlorochromate.
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pyridin-= replacement of C on cyclobenzene with N
-ium=pos. charge
chloro-=chlorine
chromo=chromium
-ate=oxygen
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what is jones reagent?
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CrO3 dissolved in H2SO4
used on secondary alcohol to produce ketone
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what is dichromate reagent?
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M2Cr2O7 dissolved in H2SO4
used with secondary alcohol to form ketone
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oxidation of phenols produces...?
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quinones
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what is a quinone?
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benzene with O attached where OH on phenol would have been
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What is a polyol?
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compound containing more than one OH group
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what is the chem formula of glycerol?
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[CH2(OH)]3
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T/F: you can make an ester from one alcohol group in glycerol.
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false
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how are polythiols made?
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redox of thiol
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what is the chem formula of ethyl methyl ether?
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CH3CH2-O-CH3
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what is the chem formula of diethyl ether?
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CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
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what is the chem formula of 2-methyl oxypentane?
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CH3CH(OCH3)CH2CH2CH3
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what is the chem formula of ethylene oxide?
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CH2>O<CH2
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what is the chem formula of cis-2-butene oxide?
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CH3-CH>O<CH-CH3
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what does the term "oxide" describe?
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the ether derivative of a molecule
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what happens to the Grignard reagent when an ether is acting as a base?
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it is stabilized by combining with other reagent
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what substance destroys Grignard reagents?
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water
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what is deuterating?
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AKA lavelling
using nonstandard isotopes
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describe Williamson ethel synthesis.
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ROH + NA --> RONa + H2
RONa + RX --> ROR + NaX
best way to make ethers
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what three ways can ethers be produced?
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ethanol dehydration, methanol addition, or nucleophilic substitution (Williamson ethel synthesis)
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how are epoxides formed?
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alkene + oxygen source
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describe the basic structure of an epoxide.
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two carbs form a triangle of bonds with oxygen
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what is the basic structure of an ether?
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R-O-R
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how is ether cleavage done?
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sn2 at primary or methyl carbon, or sn1 at tertiary carbon
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describe acid catalyzed epoxide hydrolysis?
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1. protonate CAI
2. nucleo. attach on CAI
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what special reagent is used in carbon elongations?
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Grignard reagent
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what division of chem studies crown ethers?
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suprachemistry
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what can crown ethers capture?
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cations
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what is the chem formula for formaldehyde?
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H-C(=O)-H
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what is the chem formula for acetaldehyde?
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CH3-C(=O)-H
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what is the chem formula for propionaldehyde?
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CH3CH2-C(=O)-H
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what is the chem formula for n-butyraldehyde?
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CH3CH2CH2-C(=O)-H
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what is the chem formula for glyceraldehyde?
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CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-C(=O)-H
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what is the basic chem formula for a ketone?
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R-C(=O)-R
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what is the chem formula for acetone?
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CH3-C(=O)-CH3
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what is the basic way that you name a ketone?
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list the substituents on each side of the O + -one
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