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BIO_SC 1010: EXAM 2
Johann F. Mescher |
He collected and analyzed cells that were almost composed of only a nucleus.
He tried to purify fish sperm. Isolated parts of fish sperm and found: Acidic. Lots of phosphorus. Called it a nuclein. Essentially he discovered DNA, no one believed him..
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DNA |
5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose).
Has 1 of 4 different nitrogen containing bases. Phosphate group: Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Guanine.
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Maurice Wilkins |
Cambridge, England.
Started looking at molecules through x-ray diffraction. Partner = Roalind Franklin; did most of his work for him.
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James Watson & Francis Crick |
Cambridge students.
Used Wilkins lab to figure out DNA.
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Linus Pauling |
2 time Nobel prize winner of world.
Discovered hydrogen bonds were connecting phosphate with a single ring and others with double ring. Porposed a ladder staircase that twisted which went phosphate, sugar, phosphate, sugar... = Double Helix.
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DNA Strand Replication |
2 Strands of DNA.
Enzymes break down hydorgen bonds then the 2 hydrogen contained bases are now free from each other. Free nucleotide on each strand. Guanine pairs with Cytosine (was floating in cytoplasm). Adenine pairs with Thymine (was floating in cytoplasm). Makes two separate DNA molecules half old half new to make sure there are no mistakes = mutation (cancer).
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Pollinators |
Organisms that get the sperm and egg together for plants.
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Nectar |
Attracts organisms to flower to pollinate it. Sugary.
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Angiosperms |
Flowering plants.
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Pollen Grain |
Contains 2 sperm.
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Plant Ovary |
Contains ovules which become eggs then if fertilized become seeds.
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Micropyle |
Thin wall in ovary.
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Seed |
Has hard shell.
Has an egg and endosperm inside. Embryo feeds on endosperm while in seed (keeps it alive).
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Mast Crop Failure |
Where plant won't reproduce one year.
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Ingestive Feeders |
Eat dead or living things.
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Omnivores |
Eats both plants and animals.
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Herbivores |
Eats plants only.
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Carnivores |
Eats only meat.
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Alimentary Canal |
DIgestive system starting at mouth and ending at anus.
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Saliva |
Lubricates food for digestion.
Glycoprotein - Mucin. Buffers making pH level neutral. Anti-bacterial chemicals. Digestive Enzymes to break down starches.
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Teeth |
Incissors.
Canines. Premolars. Molars.
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Tongue |
Moves food around in mouth.
Makes Bolus: ball of food. Moves food down throat.
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Pharnyx |
Where back of mouth and nasal cavity meet.
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Esophagus |
Epiglottis: covers up trachea when foods are swallowed.
Peristalsis: Moves food down esophagus.
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Stomach |
Digestion occurs here.
Mucus protects lining of stomach. Acid Chyme is made to break down food and its a mix of acid and broken down food.
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Small Intestine |
Food absorption takes place here.
6 m long. 2.5 cm diameter.
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Pancreas |
Adds digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate.
Neutralizes stomachs' hydrochloric acid.
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Liver |
Creates bile (stored in Gallbladder).
Bile breaks down fats. Bile is composed of dead red blood cells.
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Absorption |
In small intestine there is more surface area on inside.
Villi with microvilli on them.
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Large Intestine (Colon) |
1.5 m long.
5 cm diameter. Anything that wasn't absorbed is absorbed here (mainly water).
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Rectum |
Stores feces.
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Anus |
Two circle ring muscles.
Controls when you defecate.
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Animal Gas Exchange |
We breathe in oxygen to make ATP.
Breathe out waste product of CO2.
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Respiratory Surfaces |
Must be moist because oxygen cannot travel on dry surface.
Skin = Earthworms. Gills = Fish. Trachea = Bugs. Lungs = Terrestrial Vertebrates.
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Earthworms |
Breathe in oxygen through their skin throughout their whole body.
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Fish |
Water flows through gills.
Gills pick up about 80% of oxygen in water. Water flows one way on gills while blood flows the opposite way on gills called Counter Current.
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Bugs |
Bugs have a bunch of openings throughout them leading down to the cell.
When bug moves trachea's squeezed out air and when relaxed they suck in air. Their circulatory system doesn't move oxygen.
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Terrestrial Vertebrates |
Nostrils and mouth suck in oxygen.
Trachea is tube going to the lungs that has cartilage rings to keep it open. Bronchi/Bronchus is where the trachea splits into two tubes for each lung and gets smaller and smaller. Once inside lungs Bronchiole get really small and have alveolus sac in it. Alveolus have about 100 capillaries in them. Diffusion occurs 02 moves to blood supply. CO2 moves to alveolus and out mouth or nose. Red Blood Cells move oxygen Hemoglobin holds on oxygen on RBC's
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Animal Circulatory System |
Transports Oxygen and CO2.
Transports blood.
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Open Circulatory System |
Invertebrates.
Blood moves freely throughout body (no veins). Hemolymph: circulatory fluid for bugs (in place of blood).
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Closed Circulatory System |
Found in more evolved organisms.
Interstitial Fluid.
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Cardiovascular System |
Consists of Heart and network of vessels.
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Arteries |
Carry blood away from the heart to various party of the body.
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Veins |
Return blood to heart.
Carry oxygen-poor blood.
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Capillaries |
One red blood cell in diameter.
Transport blood between arteries and veins.
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How Blood Flows |
Start: Gas Exchange Area
->Heart ->Arteries ->Capillaries ->Veins -> End: Heart
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Pulmonary Circulation |
Blood flows from right side of heart out to lungs then back to left side of heart.
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Systemic Circulation |
Bloods flows from left side of heart out to everywhere in body then back to right side of heart.
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Human Heart |
Size of clinched fist.
In protective sac called Pericardium. Has: 2 halves. 4 chambers. 2 atriums. 2 ventricles. Vena-Cava: Where blood comes back to heart from all over body. Aorta: Largest artery in body.
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Blood |
Avg human has between 4-6 liters.
Cells makes up 45%. Plasma makes up 55%. Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes. Most numerous blood cells. Made in bone marrow. Hemoglobin is protein and iron and holds up to 4 oxygens. 285,000,000 hemoglobins in one RBC. Oxygen plus hemoglobin = Oxyhemoglobin.
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White Blood Cells |
Fight infections.
Cause immunities.
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Red Blood Cell Platelets |
Important from blood clotting.
For minor cuts.
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Heart Attack |
Causes:
Blood Clot. Myocardial infarction.
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Sensory Input |
Stimuli react to things.
Seeing, touching, smelling, hearing, and tasting. We have sensory receptors (eyes, tongue, etc). They send senses to processing center (brain).
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Integration |
Brain interprets info from receptors.
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Motor Output |
Comes from brain and goes to effectors.
Effector is arm or finger etc. Neurons: Nerve cells. Nerves are transmitted from the dendrites to the cell body then down the axons. Schwann cell makes things transfer faster from nerve to brain back. Ends of axons are synaptic knobs sending info to other neurons.
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Synapse |
Nerve connection.
Chemical synapse.
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Central Nervous System |
Brain and Spinal Chord.
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Peripheral Nervous System |
All other nerves in body.
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PNS |
(consumes energy) ->Sympathetic NS (excites you) ->Autonomic NS (Involuntary) -> Enteric NS (digestive) PNS ->Parasympathetic NS (relaxes) ->Somatic NS (Voluntary) (conserves energy) (carries nerves to muscles)
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Reflex |
Deals with spinal chord.
Unconscious responses. 3 nerve cells: Sensory neuron = below muscle and ligaments. Inter neuron = in spinal chord. Motor Neurons.
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Hind Brain |
Medula & Pons:
Important for breathing, heart activity and digestion. Cerebellum: Responsible for receiving info from bones allowing you to move slowly and maintains balance.
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Mid-Brain |
In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) comprises the tectum (or corpora quadrigemini), tegmentum, the ventricular mesocoelia (or "iter"), and the cerebral peduncles, as well as several nuclei and fasciculi.
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Forebrain |
Thalamus: Relay center to higher parts of brain.
Sorts data brought to the brain. Hypothalamus:Controls the secretion of hormones. Regulates body temp. Controls hunger and thirst. Controls sexual urges. Responsible for addictions. Cerebral Hemispheres: Major thinking occurs here.
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Sensory Receptors |
Pain Receptors:
Activated when tissue is damaged. Termoreceptors: Feel different temps. Mechanoreceptors: Touch, Pressure, Motion, Sound. Chemoreceptors: Smell, Taste. Photoreceptors: Eyes that pick up light.
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Eyeball |
Light hits Cornea first.
Sclera is the white in an eye. Iris is the color in an eye. Pupil is a hole going into the eye. Lens behind pupil. Retina is inside layer of eyeball. Photoreceptors are at back of retina and send info down optic nerve (rods = black and white/ cones = colors). Optic disk is your blind spot. Vitreous humor is a liquid holding eye in ball shape.
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Ear |
Auditory Canal leads to eardrum.
Cartilage ear shape allows us to hear more.
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Middle Ear |
Eardrum.
Three Bones: Malleus, Incus, Stapes. Eustachian Tube: Connects to back of mouth and regulates pressure.
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Inner Ear |
Cochlea which is full of liquid.
This maintains your balance.
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