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TEL-T 205: TEST 2
what are the worlds reality lives in?
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the real world
the media world
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why do we journey into the media world?
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the real world is too limited
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we therefore enter media world to
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get experiences and information we cannot obtain in our real lives
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regarding media and real world, we sometimes fail to:
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differentiate between the two
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the magic window
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very young children cannot differentiate between the media world and the real world
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kids under 3:
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view things like TV as a magic window to the real world (supported by research)
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kids 3-5 mature enough cognitively
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to develop a skepticism about the literal reality of media messages
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most 3-5 year old can distinguish between:
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fictional programs and news or documentary
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adult discount
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the shift away from the magic window, where kids begin thinking like adults
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by age 12
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kids have fully incorporated an adult discount into their thinking
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kids may understand __ arent real, but dont understand __ arent real
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cartoons
live action presentations (real world)
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criteria for reality-- we consider:
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whether a portrayal actually happened
the social utility of the portrayal
whether and how well we identify with the characters in the portrayal
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we go to media to get certain messages for two basic reasons:
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its impossible to get certain messages in real life (not everyone can go to superbowl)
the costs of getting messages from the media are much lower than getting them in real life (a ticket to superbowl vs. watching it on TV)
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next step reality
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the media message is presented as realistic with a little something more
(characters seem realistic but are way funnier than anyone you know)
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programmers use media reality to:
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add a little something to the stories, characters, and situations to make them slightly more interesting than the real world
(instead of girl meets boy, how about boy meets boy!)
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by messing with media reality,
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they spin reality making it look more exciting than the real world and therefore attracting people away from their real lives
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entertainment formulas commonly use:
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story telling formulas
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the audience relies on formulas just as much as
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the message creators
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with the formulas, it makes it:
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easier for the audience to follow the action and characters
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simple formulas usually have
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the largest audiences
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common feature of a drama
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tragedy: characters perceived as good or bad
mystery: an important element of the plot is missing
action/horror: good and evil fight it out in a conflict
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all formats change with time because:
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tastes of public evolve
changes in real world
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the media world is:
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full of constant expression of strong emotions
ignore things that are not visually, aurally, or mentally interesting
the everyday things that comprise most of our day arent important enough to document
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gender soap operas? cop shows?
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male outnumber females 3:1
1:1
5:1
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ethnicity |
80% white americans
16% afircan american (rising)
3% latino
1% asian and native american
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stereotypes are totally necessary because
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they allow us to recognize character types and move through stories more quickly
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stereotypes can be harmful because
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we use them to type people and places we havent experienced
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popular TV character ages
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between the ages of 20 and 50 (75%:: in real life 33%)
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know marital status?
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yes for 80% of women
yes for 45% of men
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wealth
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50% are wealthy or ultra wealthy
10% are poor
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professional
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33% are professional
total misinterpretation of workforce, 12 times more private detectives than production line workers, and 12 times more prostitutes than machinists
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health |
pain rarely follows violent behavior
doctors are only for cataclysms
eating occurs constantly
no one gets fat
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professional responsibility perspective
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journalists cover news that they feel have a social, moral, and professional responsibility to cover
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marketing perspective
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producing news they feel will generate the largest audiences
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some news media are less likely to take up extreme political positions
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newspapers
national network TV evening news
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marketing responsibility
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producing news that will generate the largest audiences
tendency to broadcast events that perhaps shouldnt be
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story formulas
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expectations on the part of the public
deeper issues being ignored
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inverted pyramid
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important aspects
additional aspects depending on importance
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narrative news reporting
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delivering a story as though it is fictional
all the makings of a good novel
starts by grabbing attention
continues by keeping audience in suspense
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simplified extended conflict
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journalist picks an angle of conflict in the story
focuses on the characters as well
tends to polarize audiences
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resource constraints
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time
space
talent
place
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time |
deadlines need to be met
stories need to be timely
finite amount of time to give broadcast news
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space
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only so much space to print stories
finite amount of time to give broadcast news
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talent |
some journalists are simply better than others
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place |
some places are more likely to be covered
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agenda setting and walter lippman
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he was concerned with the power the media had to present images to the public
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in agenda setting, firshand experience is
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limited |
in agenda setting, we depend on the media to
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describe events we havent personally experienced
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bernard cohen says:
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the media tell us what to think about
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McCombs and Shaw found
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relationship between issues covered in the press and issues people think are important
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agenda setting: need for orientation
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the higher the need for orientation, the more likely a person is to be influenced by the media in determining the importance of issues
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agenda setting: larger news organizations
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set agenda for smaller ones
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where are ads?
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film
newspapers
radio
TV
computers
non media (buildings, toilets, police cars, schools, sporting events)
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to introduce a new product, an advertiser must spend...WHY?
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$50,000,000 in advertising to get it noticed
because there are so many messages out there
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popular surface criticisms of advertising
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advertising is excessive
advertising manipulates us into buying things we dont need
advertising debases the language
advertising is offensive or in bad taste
advertising perpetuates stereotypes
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deep criticisms
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advertisers fail to be socially responsible
advertisers use deception
seldom do they outright lie
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puffery: pseudo claims
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(x fights cavities)
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puffery: comparison with an unidentified other
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x does something better than the leading brand
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puffery: comparing product to its earlier form
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x is new and improved
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puffery: irrelevant comparisons
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x is the best selling product of its kind
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puffery: pseudo survey
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4 out of 5 recommend x
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puffery: juxtaposition
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smiling faces appear on product that is for negative aspects
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