PSY - P 304: EXAM 1
56 Cards in this Set
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Social Cognition
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The study of how people perceive, remember, and interpret information about themselves in contrast with others
Ex: eliminating the middleman would result in lower costs, increased sales, and greater consumer satisfaction; on the other hand, we are the middle man
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Self-Concept
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The sum total of an individual's beliefs about his or her own personal attributes
Ex: I am nice, I am funny, I am a brunette, I am intelligent, etc.
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Self-Schemas
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A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information
Ex: things we hope to be someday, are afraid of being someday; knowledge that influences what you notice, think, and remember about yourself
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Schematic
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Schemas that are important to us and our self-concept
Ex: grades are important to students, overweight person knows they are overweight and they try to eat healthier/work out, etc.
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Aschematic
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Schemas that we identify with but are NOT important to us
Ex: overweight person knows they are overweight but it is not an attribute that is important or is the basis for action and behavior (like knowingly going on a diet)
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Social Identity
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The schemas that define the roles we occupy
Ex: a person knowing they belong to a certain group (religious, political, social, etc.); us vs. them
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Possible Selves
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Things we use to identify ourselves with but tend to be things that we have little to no experience with and/or are not that important to us right now (what we want to become/be later)
Ex: schema of students (important now as it applies) that someday will want to be a pediatric neural …
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Responses to Self-Discrepancy
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Lower expectation (ideality) from setting the bar too high, raise behavior (reality) by working harder and escaping (GPA isn't as high as you want it to be but you can choose to get drunk instead)
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Self-Complexity
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The complicated schemas and networks that we believe we belong in
Ex: I am a daughter but also a sister and a mother and a wife etc.
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Working Self-Concept
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Whatever schema is most dominant at a given moment - it can change from situation to situation
Ex: Right now I am a student, this weekend I am an athlete; creates an "I" moment
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Autobiographical Memories
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Things that have happened to you that shape you to be who you are (without these, you would have no coherent self-concept)
Ex: Person escapes 911 death, they think of themselves as survivors and it shapes their life accordingly
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Physical Reality
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A function of nature (physical reality, facts) and nurture
Ex: Height, weight, things we have learned over time
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Social Comparison
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The evaluations of a person's own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others
Ex: Student in class asked if he is tall, student says yes because he is 6'4": he is tall because he compared himself to others
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Self-Perception
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When a person observes their own behavior in a situation
Ex: Person had a heated argument over email and a couple days later looked back at it and realized with amazement how angry they were during it
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Self-Reference Effect
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Our tendency to remember information better if it's about us - if we can relate to it (has to do with autobiographical memories)
Ex: Professor talks about the definition of abuse and a student understands easily and can relate to it because they were abused as well
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Egocentric Bias
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The tendency to overestimate our contributions and our significance in past events
Ex: 911 fireman says he saved more people than he actually did
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Revisionism
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When a person is trying to revise history
Ex: Student complains about bus breaking down and having to walk 5 blocks to school and grandparents say that when they were students they had to walk 5 miles daily
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Self-Esteem
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Overall self-evaluation; a generalized feeling of self-worth, self-acceptance, goodness and self-respect
Ex: Person is intelligent, funny, loving, caring (all positive = high self-esteem)
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Self-Discrepancy
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The difference between how you see yourself and how you want to be seen (reality vs. ideality)
Ex: Person is anorexic but looks in the mirror and thinks they are fat
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Self-Awareness
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Knowing your characteristics and how your actions affect other people; certain situations causes a person to be more self-aware - it is a transitory (temporary) response
Raises Self-Focus by paying more attention to yourself
Ex: Person knows she is a brunette with brown eyes and whe…
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Self-Focus
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Directing conscious attention, thoughts, desires and emotions to yourself
Ex: Willingly and consciously looking at yourself in the mirror and analyzing yourself
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Private Self-Consciousness
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The degree to which a person focuses on their own attitudes, opinions, and values
Ex: High-scoring private self-conscious people fill in incomplete sentences with first-person pronouns, and recognize self-relevant words more
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Public Self-Consciousness
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Spending time thinking about what other people are thinking about and their perceptions
Ex: People were asked to draw an E on their foreheads and public self-conscious people oriented the E so it was backwards from their own standpoint, but correct for an outsider perspective
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Self-Consciousness
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A personality characteristic that makes people spend a lot of time thinking about themselves (opposite of self-awareness)
Ex: Cocky and selfish people think about themselves a lot
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Self-Enhancement Strategies
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Strategies that enhance our self-esteem to help us overcome our faults, imperfections and failures
1. Self-Serving Cognitions
2. Self-Handicapping
3. Downward Social Comparison
4. False Consensus Effect
5. False Uniqueness Effect
6. Basking in Reflected Glory
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Self-Serving Cognitions
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Tendency to blame our failures on external causes and our successes on internal causes
Ex: You failed the test because it was too hard/professor didn't prepare you enough; you Aced the test because you spent hours studying
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Self-Handicapping
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Tendency to create potential excuses for some possible future failure
Ex: Person decides to go to Kilroys as an excuse before an exam because they are unsure ahead of time how they will do on the exam
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Downward Social Comparison
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Comparing yourself to someone of lesser ability than us
Ex: If you get a C- on an exam, you can protect yourself by telling yourself someone did worse than you on it
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False-Consensus Effect
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Tendency to overestimate the commonality of our failures
Ex: You get a D on the exam but you protect your self-esteem by thinking a whole bunch of other people also did terribly
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False-Uniqueness Effect
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Tendency to underestimate the commonality of our success to increase self-esteem
Ex: If you got an A on the exam you can boost your self-esteem by telling yourself that no one else got an A
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Basking in Reflected Glory
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Tendency of associating yourself with people who have achieved success to enhance your self-esteem
Ex: IU wins basketball game, the next day people are wearing IU clothing to represent and say, "WE won!" although they had no hand in the winning
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Self-Presentation
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A behavior taken under the intention to create modified or maintained impressions of ourselves in them mind of others
Ex: The clothes you wear, hairstyles, cosmetics, cologne/perfume, tattoos, drugs, plastic surgery (extreme), piercings, tanning beds, etc.
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Motives for Engaging in Self-Presentation
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1. To facilitate social interactions (professor takes on role of professors, student takes on role of student)
2. To gain material & social rewards (put in extra time and effort at work because they want a promotion/raise)
3. Self-Construction (engaging in behaviors for the purpose we s…
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Self-Monitoring
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A personality characteristic that shows the degree to which people maintain and control their behavior to meet the demands of a social situation
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High Self-Monitoring
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HSM people are flexible and rational individuals - they adjust their behavior to the current situation
Ex: Politicians and salespeople as they create superficial friendships - they strive to be the "right" person
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Low Self-Monitoring
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LSM people are consistent between who they are and what they do
Ex: Person is more introverted and sees no wrong in being completely themselves instead of adapting like HSM people
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Attribution Theory
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The process by which people generate explanations for other people's behavior
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Logic of Attribution Theory
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1. B=f(S*P) ; behavior is the function of interaction of Personal disposition and the Situation that they are in
2. B=f(S) ; behavior is the function of behavior of person's Situation
3. B=f(P) ; behavior is entirely the function of the Personal disposition
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Covariation Principle of Attribution Theory
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To be the cause of a particular behavior, it must be consistently present when the behavior occurs and consistently absent when the behavior does not occur
1. Consistency - do it all the time
2. Distinctiveness - unique
3. Consensus - what others do
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CPAT Consistency
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Is the observed behavior of the individual the same that is presented with the same stimulus at other times?
"No" = Low consistency - circumstantial attribution
"Yes" = High consistency - personal/situational attribution
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CPAT Distinctiveness
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Does the person behave in the same way when presented with other stimuli?
"No" = High distinctiveness - situational
"Yes" = Low distinctiveness - Personal
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CPAT Consensus
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Do other people behave the same way in response to the same stimulus?
"No" = Low consensus - personal attribute
"Yes" = High consensus (most people would respond the same to a stimulus) - situational attribute
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CPAT Attributions
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High consistency, High distinctiveness, High consensus = Situational
High consistency, Low distinctiveness, Low consensus = Personal
High consistency, Low distinctiveness, High consensus = Social norm
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Personal (Dispositional) Attributions
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You are attributing a person's behavior for something internal - something relatively stable about the person
Ex: Sarah wakes up every morning to do drugs
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Situational Attributes
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Focusing on the external causes for person's behavior
Ex: Sarah wakes up one morning, randomly decides to try drugs for the first time but never does it again
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Correspondent Inference Theory
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The degree to which a person's behavior corresponds to or is indicative of the person's disposition (relatively stable characteristics); single observation of behavior
Ex: Alex is nice to Jane, Jane makes single observation that he's nice/passionate; Waiter spills hot coffee, waiter is…
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Discounting Principle
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People will ignore the extent to which a person's behavior is a function of their disposition when there is an obvious situational factor present
Ex: An athlete that loves playing basketball goes pro and ends up making millions and having lots of fans - he ends up playing the sport for…
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Augmenting Principle
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If a person performs an action where there are known constraints, their motive has to be stronger than any of the inhibitory motives
Ex: If someone gets a perfect grade on the MCAT, they will be thought of as clever. If it is a professor, it is not surprising however if it is a 16 year…
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Freedom of Choice
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The degree of choice of the behavior
Ex: Did the person make a choice to behave that way or was that person forced to behave that way? Ex: Essay for/against war and it's the person's choice to to write about either - dispositional. Essay for/against war and it's NOT the person's choice…
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Social Desirability
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The bias shown by the people to present themselves in a positive way to the community
Ex: If student sits and takes notes quietly it is desirable - if student gets on the desk and signs, it is undesirable
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Analysis of Noncommon Effects
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We are more likely to make a dispositional attribution when there are relatively few other causes present that could produce the same behavior
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) factors in explaining someone's behavior and underestimating the situational factors
Ex: This man kicked the cat because he doesn't like the cat and not because he didn't see it and happened to be walking
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Automaticity
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When we try to generate attributions...
1) Categorize behavior - walking down the hall past a guy who punches a hole in the wall
2) Personal attribution - Samantha said he is mad because he failed an exam and earlier caught her hooking up with someone else
3) Correct for situations -…
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Perceptual Salience
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The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
Ex: Watching a person (voice, posture) and not the situation
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Cultural Influences
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Common occurrence that certain cultures tend to apply dispositional attributes whereas others cultures tend to apply relational attributes
Ex: American - dispositional attribute on behalf of alleged murder (extremely violent and volatile person) where Chinese - relational attribute on …
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Actor-Observer Effect
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Tendency to make dispositional attributions for other people but we make situational attributions for ourselves when we try to explain similar behaviors
Ex: Random guy decides to be rude to you, you think "what a jerk" and not "he's having a bad day" but if it's you that is rude you th…
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