PSY - P 304: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 3
93 Cards in this Set
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Conformity
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tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, and behaviors as a result of those real, imagined, or implied pressures from other people or from social norms.
Laugh tracks, tip jars with money in them already
Most people want to be nonconformists - but usually in an attempt to do so, the…
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Sherif's Autokinetic Study
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Watch beam of light, tell how far it moves. Over 100 trials, variability got smaller and smaller. Come back next day to do with other people, beam never moves (illusion). Again, variability, but over time judgements gradually converged - influenced by behavior of other people.
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Asch's Line Judgement Study
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Sit around table and presented with cards with lines - which one matches with line on other card? Only 1 subject, rest are confederates (at first give correct answers, then wrong answers). In 37% of the trials the subject give the wrong answers and conform with others. Why conform? 2 reas…
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Informational Social Influence
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tendency to be influenced by the assumption that other people who are in agreement must be correct.
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Normative Social Influence
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tendency to be influenced out of the fear of being rejected or appearing deviant or conversely out of our desire to be accepted by other people.
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Private Conformity
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produced by informational influence, a change in our overt behavior and also a change in what we privately believe to be true.
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Public Conformity
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produced by normative influence, a change in our overt behavior but privately we maintain what we originally believe, don't change perceptions or beliefs, just behavior.
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Group Size
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the larger the group, the greater the conformity, but only to a point - law of diminishing returns.
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Salience of Social Norms
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more salient/noticeable, more likely to conform. Litter/Don't littler experiment, most likely to conform in litter and littered box.
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Social Support
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unanimity, difficult to do alone unless you have accomplice/someone that will stand with you. Don't have to agree with you, just have to disagree with the group.
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Group Cohesiveness
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the more cohesive the group, the more conformity
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Age
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Adolescents are more likely to conform
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Desire for Personal Control
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resist social influence
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Theory of Psychological Reactance
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tendency to believe they are entitled to certain behavior freedoms. When someone tries to resist, react by trying to engage those behaviors even more.
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Can measure how much people think they are entitled...
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Jerry Burger, rate comic strips, 1-100 base on humor. Alone: low = 43.7, high = 46.3, In Company: low = 73.2, high = 62.1
Still influenced, not conformist, but just more resistant to social influence.
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Obedience
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a person's willingness to conform to the demand of an authority even it those demands violate the person's sense of what is right.
Delaware is closed today video
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Destructive Obedience
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a person's willingness to conform to the demands of an authority that results in harm to another person and violates their sense of what is morally right.
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Stanley Milgram Experiment
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Basic Paradigm = will a person hurt another person simply because he or she is ordered to do so?
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Experiment #1
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out of sight and sound, 26/40 obedient
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Experiment #2
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Vocal feedback, 25/40 obedient
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Experiment #3
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Proximity, can see and hear Mr. Wallace, 16/40 obedient
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Experiment #4
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Proximity Touch, Mr. Wallace refuse at 150, must physically place hands on metal plate, 12/40 obedient
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Experiment #5
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Mr. Wallace has heart condition, stops responding, 27/40 obedient
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Experiment #7
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authority not physically present, 9/40 obedient
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Experiment #8
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Females, 26/40 obedient, but more likely to become disobedient earlier than men, 10/40 quit before 300v
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Experiment #10
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Different location, different ad, "independent" research project, 19/40 obedient
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Experiment #13
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"Ordinary Person", real learner, 4/20 obedient
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Experiment #17
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Presence of allies, eventually withdraw, real teacher left alone, 4/40 obedient
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Socialization of Obedience
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taught early in life, obedience to teachers/parents/authority, trust legitimacy of authority, expectation of person in charge
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Escalation and Entrapment
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gradually increase punishment, didn't start at 300v, for those who were obedient, felt trapped, "what's 15 more volts?"
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Compliance
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a change in behavior that is the result of an explicit request of us
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Sequential Request Strategies
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we employ certain techniques to get people to comply, all involved 2 steps, how to get people to do things they normally wouldn't do, manipulating human behaviors to gain something for yourself
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Click...Whirr Response
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find people's click, people will do thing without really thinking about it. Automated responses. Give people a reason, more likely to comply - the word "because"
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Foot-in-the-Door
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anticipated compliance to a much larger request is preceded by a much smaller request which the target is unlikely to refuse. Won't work if don't comply with initial small request, more likely to reject second. Immune = toddlers
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Self-Perception Theory
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we learn about ourselves by observing our own behavior, agreement to small sticker makes you learn that your are a civic minded person, like to maintain consistency in who we think we are
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Low Balling
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people gain our agreement to our request and then increase the cost of that agreement. Commitment - sign piece of paper, feel sense of commitment
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Door-in-the-Face
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initial request is so large that it is bound to be reject, then make smaller, more reasonable request. Ask for something large and unreasonable first, then more likely to gain compliance for smaller request
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Perceptual Contrast
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if you have a smaller object and place it against a large object, the small object appears to be smaller than it really is
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Reciprocal Concession
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back down from initial large request, person asked is also going to make a concession/back down
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Homarus Americanus
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Maine lobster, find each other attractive one a year, mold and get rid of shell, woman initiates sex process, stream of urine, pick strongest and biggest mate, no incest, lobsters have very ritualistic courtship and seduction practices, like humans, difference is lobsters don't inject emo…
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Quantitative Theories of Love
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original attraction theories emerge in late 60s, argue that whatever liking and love is, love is just more of liking, or liking amplified, unidimensional
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Interpersonal Attraction
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a desire to be with another person, physically, emotionally, and sexually
Evaluate the other person in a positive way
Along continuum, greater and greater desire
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Reinforcement Theory
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if we receive an award of reinforcement in the presence of another person, we will become attracted to that person
Ignores source of reward*
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Associational Affect Model
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if we receive a reward in the presence of another person, that generates a positive affect, and its the positive affect that generates attraction for the other person
Ignores source of reward*
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Social Exchange Theory
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borrows from economic theory, argues that we are attracted to people who provide more rewards and fewer punishments
Rewards: affection, happiness, humor, free food, sex
Costs: buying stuff/money, effort, time, conflicts
Rewards - Costs = Outcome
Outcome does not equal satisfaction
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Comparison Levels
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average outcome of all previous relationships
Outcomes - CLs = Satisfaction
Satisfaction does not equal commitment
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Comparison Levels from Alternatives
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anticipated outcomes of all future relationships
Satisfaction - CLalt = Commitment
Explains why people stay in relationships in which they are unsatisfied
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Equity Theory
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prospective of both partners, based upon rewards and costs but looks at it from each person, want to maximize rewards and minimize costs
Ratio of rewards is more important that the absolute rewards and absolute costs
Inequity causes distress
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Eliminate Distress by Restoring Equity
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Restore actual equity - hold back on rewards, max own rewards, increase their costs or decrease their costs
Restore psychological equity
Leave relationship
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Qualitative Theories of Love
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whatever liking and love is, they are two separate entities, multidimensional
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Attachment Theory
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primary caregiver example
Secure - type of mom that is consistent and loving, know that she will come back
Avoidance - child is resentful with mom when comes back
Anxious Ambivalent - not sure what to do, sometimes happy, sometimes mad
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3 Types of Lovers
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Secure - find it easy to get close to other people, emotionally and physically, comfortable depending on another person, likes to share feeling and thoughts, never worry about being abandoned
Avoidant - do not like to get close to other people, tend to distrust other people, get nervous …
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Colors of Love Theory
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different styles of loving, approach to relationships, preferences for different "colors" or styles of loving, preferences change over time
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Primary Colors
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Eros - physical attractiveness
Ludus - love is a game, non monogamous
Storge - type of relationship between siblings or playmates, not romantic, just intimacy
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Secondary Colors
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Mania - very intense and romantic, consumes life, obsessive and jealous, demanding
Pragma - shopping list, attributes you are looking for, practical and non romantic
Agape - unconditional, you love people just for the sake of loving them
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Triangular Theory
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identify different kinds of love by 3 components
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Intimacy
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has nothing to do with sex, but a sense of connectedness, willingness and desire to share thoughts and feelings
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Passion
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physical and sexual attraction
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Commitment
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Decision- at some point you make decision that you love the person
Commitment - after first decision, decide to commit and maintain that relationship
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Non Love
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none of the components
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Liking
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only intimacy, someone we feel close with and share with, but not passion or long term commitment
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Infatuation
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only passion, can arise and dissipate instantaneously, cannot sustain, intense arousal
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Empty Love
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Only commitment, no passion or intimacy, arranged marriages or people who stay together because they have a child
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Romantic Love
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Intimacy and Passion, can develop from liking or infatuation if long enough to gain intimacy
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Companionate Love
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Intimacy and commitment, very connected and committed, no passion, friendship
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Fatuous
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passion and commitment, don't know much about each other, vegas or shot gun wedding
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Consummate Love
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experience all three components, argues that most will never experience, if we do it is short lived, newlyweds
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Two Factor Theory of Emotion
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each emotion has physiological effects, sympathetic nervous system
Emotion = arousal + label
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Excitation Transfer Theory
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If you experience even A and event A causes you to become physiologically aroused, and you then later experience event B, and event B causes you to become physiologically aroused, then an residual/left over arousal from A will transfer to B, if B is an emotional experience, then emotion w…
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Misattribution of Arousal
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misinterpret cause of our arousal, fail to recognize that the residual arousal was from event A, misinterpret transfer
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Proximity
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geographical closeness, if you live in building A, you are more likely to build relationships with building B but least likely with building D
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Functional Proximity
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geographical closeness that allows us to interact, don't have to walk as far
Allows people to explore similarities, sense one another's liking, perceive selves as social unit
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Mere Exposure
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mere repeated exposure to a stimulus/person is sufficient enough to cause liking
more exposure = more liking unless we didn't like them initially and then more disliking (environmental spoiling)
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Personal Space
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invisible boundary that we walk around with all day, it defines how close we let people get to us physically
18 inches = intimate, lovers
18-30 inches = personal, people we know well, good friends
30 inches - 8 feet = social, acquaintances, business
8-12 feet = public, people who dema…
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Physical Attractiveness
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best predictor of initiation of relationship
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Aesthetic Appeal
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we like to look at things because they are pretty, ideals don't hold constant over time or cultures
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What is beautiful is good stereotype
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positive halo effect, our assumption that physically attractive people also possess other socially desirable characteristics
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Social Skills
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attractive people are more socially skilled
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Social Profit
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attractiveness is important because of social profit - we profit by being with attractive people
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Rule of Assimilation
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if you are a person of moderate physical attractiveness and you are seen with another person who is very physically attractive, then other people will see you as more attractive than you really are
Applies to same sex dyads
Only males receive benefit of cross sex dyads
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Rule of Homogamy
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like people who are like us, birds of a feather flock together
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Physical Attractiveness Similarity
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seek out those who are a good match to us in attractiveness
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Attitude Similarity
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attraction for another person is a linear function of the proportion of attitude similarity
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Consensual Validation
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consensus validates our beliefs, our attitude is correct, if other person is similar in terms of attitude, tells us our attitude is correct
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Demographic Similarity
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attracted to people who are demographically similar
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Complementarity
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opposites attract? no evidence
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Conflict and Dissolution
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50% chance of relationship failing/suceeding
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Responses
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Active v Passive
Constructive v Destructive
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Exit
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active destructive response, conflict, unhappy, want it to end, actively going to facilitate that end, divoce, break up, move out
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Voice
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active constructive response, recognize conflict and want to make better again, couples therapy, communication
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Loyalty
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passive constructive response, i want it to get better but i will sit back and wait, give it time, it will blow over
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Neglect
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passive destructive response, really don't want things to get better, but you are not going to do anything about it, ignore partner, guy stays out all night instead of coming home, affairs
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Predictors of Responsee
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Prior Satisfaction - if satisfied = constructive, if dissatisfied = destructive
investments - if invested a lot = constructive
CL - if CL is low = constructive, if CL is high = destructive
CLalt - if high = destructive, if low = constructive
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PSY - P 304: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 3