MSCI-M 131: EXAM 2
64 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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CNS
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brain + spinal cord
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PNS
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nerve outside CNS, bring info in and carry it out
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neuroectoderm
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region of ectoderm that gives rise to nervous system and skin
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neuralation
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process that results in formation of neural tube, vital process of formation of nervous system, takes place around third week after fertilization, takes a few days
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neural plate stage
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first stage of neuralation,
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neural groove stage
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second stage of neuralation
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neural tube stage
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third stage of neuralation
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primary neuralation
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formation of brain from front end of neural tube, formation of most of spinal cord from remainder of neural tube
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neural tube defectd
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problems with neural tube formation, causes damage to brain, spinal cord or both
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myeloschisis
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problem in formation of back end of neural tube (spinal cord)
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cranioschisis
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problem in formation of front end f neural tube (brain)
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spina bifida
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most common permanently disabling birth defect in US, lower end of neural end fails to cloes properly
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spina bifida occulta
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vertebral bones and skin did not form normally, not immediately apparent, pretty minor, may be no problem or could cause later problems-lower back pain
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spina bifida cyctica/ meningocele
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rare, fluid filled sac on outside of spinal cord,
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spina bifida cystica/ mylomeningocele
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spinal cord did not form correctly and is in cyst, most common type, over 90% , lead to disability
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problems with myelomeninocele
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movement impairment/ sensory deficits in lower body, diminished bladder and bowel control, hydrocephalus, arnold- chiari malformation
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hydrocephalus
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cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles, squishing brain, causeing intracranial pressure, consequences = brain damage and retardation
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arnold-chiari malformation
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lower portion of brain (brainstem) is pushed downward through skull opening causing possible brain damage, difficulty maintaining posture, movement and sensory loss in arms and hands, breathing center in brain may be involved
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treatments for spina bifida
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antibiotics to prevent infection of CNS from open hole, surgery to close the muscle and skin, implanting a shut to drain excess cerebral spinal fluid for hydrocephalus
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longterm care for spina bifida
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physical therapy to keep their joints and muscle tones as functional as possible, and management of bowel and bladder complications
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enceohalocele
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opening in back of skull where cerebrospinal fluid leaks out and bulges
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meningoenceohalocele
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part of brain along with cerebrospinal fluid bulges out
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meningohydroencephalocele
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portion of brain, ventricle and cerebrospinal fluid bulges out
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cranioschisis/ anenecephaly
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front end of neural tube fails to close properly, less common but more serious than spina bifida, top of skull absent, malformed brain mass, OUTCOME ALWAYS FATAL
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detections of myelomeningocele and anencephaly
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alpha-fetaprotein in mother's blood, high resolution ultrasound, amniocentesis- withdraw sample of amniotiv fluid
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prevention of neural tube defects
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vitamin B9/ folic acid, recommended daily does of 400 micrograms, important before conception and in first month where neuralation occurs
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paraplegia
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result of lower spinal cord injury where legs are affected, about 50%`
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quadriplegia/ tetraplegia
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result of upper spinal cord injury, legs and arms affected, about 50%
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85%
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chance of person being alive 10 years later if they survived forst 24 hours after spinal cord injury
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C1 to C8
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spinal nerves located in neck, involved with back of head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands and diaphragm (breathing)
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T1 to T12
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spinal nerves located in upper back, involved with the trunk, part of arms
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L1 to L5
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spinal nerves located in middle of back, involved with hips and legs
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S1 to S5
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spinal nerves located in lower back, involved with groin, toes, and some parts of legs
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C2 to C5
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spinal nerves involved with breathing
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S2 to S3
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spinal nerves involved with bowel and bladder action
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dendrites and cell bodies
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signals received on this
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axons
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signals sent along
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grey matter
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contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, receive signals
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white matter
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contains mostly axons, many extend up and down spinal cord
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spinal pathways
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communication between spinal cord and brain depends on these
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MS/ Multiple Sclerosis
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demyelinating/ autoimmune disease that damages myelin in brain and spinal cord
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Common signs/ symptoms of MS
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motor/ movement probems, dizziness, optic neuritis, numbness, pain, bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction, changes in mood, cognition, or emotion
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oligodendrocytes
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glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS
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possible causes of MS
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genetics, earlier infection and later activation of immune system , mistaken identity of myelin for invader, myelin and axon are innocent bystanders caught in crossfire of immune system attacks
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benign MS
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type of MS that it not truly harmful, have only one or few episodes
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relapsing/ remitting MS
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type of MS that comes and goes, MOST COMMON TYPE, recovery may be incomplete- leading to disabilities over timw
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relapsing/ remitting becomes progressive (secondary progressive)MS
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type of MS that comes and goes then eventually goes into downward trend, leads to increased disability
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primary progressive MS
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type of MS that continually gets worse, least common type
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remyelination
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new oligos are produced, forms new myelin- sheaths are thinner and smaller though
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coricosteroids/ Methylprednisolone
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short term treatment of MS of ongoing attack, dampens activity of immune system, side effects include: retaining water, fat deposits, raises BP and eye pressure, causes thin skin and mood swings
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Avonex and Betageron
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versions of interferons-modulate immune system activity, slows progression of MS
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Copaxone
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synthetic protein that suppresses activity of T cells, competes with myelin proteins for antibodies against myelin
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tysabri
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antibody, limits movement of WBCs into the CNS
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Gilenya
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first pill for MS, may limit number of WBCs and entrance into CNS
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Alemtuzamab
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possible MS medication, anti-neoplastic (cancer drug), kills t cells
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statins
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possible MS medication, cholesterol lowering drug, limits inflammation response of immune system
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epilepsy
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possible MS medication, cholesterol lowering drug, limits inflammation response of immune system
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aura
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indication that a tonic clonic seizure may be coming, comes in several forms
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status epilepticus
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prolonged or frequently repeated tonic clonic seizures
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GABA
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neurotransmitter at inhibitory chemical synapses
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glutamate
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neurotransmitter at excitatory chemical synapses
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Dilantin
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anti-seizure medication that limits excitation
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Luminal
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anti-seizure medication that promotes inhibition
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valproic acid
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anti-seizure medication that limits excitation and promotes inhibition
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