Front Back
CNS
brain + spinal cord
PNS
nerve outside CNS, bring info in and carry it out
neuroectoderm
region of ectoderm that gives rise to nervous system and skin
neuralation
process that results in formation of neural tube, vital process of formation of nervous system, takes place around third week after fertilization, takes a few days
neural plate stage
first stage of neuralation,
neural groove stage
second stage of neuralation
neural tube stage
third stage of neuralation
primary neuralation
formation of brain from front end of neural tube, formation of most of spinal cord from remainder of neural tube
neural tube defectd
problems with neural tube formation, causes damage to brain, spinal cord or both
myeloschisis
problem in formation of back end of neural tube (spinal cord)
cranioschisis
problem in formation of front end f neural tube (brain)
spina bifida
most common permanently disabling birth defect in US, lower end of neural end fails to cloes properly
spina bifida occulta
vertebral bones and skin did not form normally, not immediately apparent, pretty minor, may be no problem or could cause later problems-lower back pain
spina bifida cyctica/ meningocele
rare, fluid filled sac on outside of spinal cord,
spina bifida cystica/ mylomeningocele
spinal cord did not form correctly and is in cyst, most common type, over 90% , lead to disability
problems with myelomeninocele
movement impairment/ sensory deficits in lower body, diminished bladder and bowel control, hydrocephalus, arnold- chiari malformation
hydrocephalus
cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles, squishing brain, causeing intracranial pressure, consequences = brain damage and retardation
arnold-chiari malformation
lower portion of brain (brainstem) is pushed downward through skull opening causing possible brain damage, difficulty maintaining posture, movement and sensory loss in arms and hands, breathing center in brain may be involved
treatments for spina bifida
antibiotics to prevent infection of CNS from open hole, surgery to close the muscle and skin, implanting a shut to drain excess cerebral spinal fluid for hydrocephalus
longterm care for spina bifida
physical therapy to keep their joints and muscle tones as functional as possible, and management of bowel and bladder complications
enceohalocele
opening in back of skull where cerebrospinal fluid leaks out and bulges
meningoenceohalocele
part of brain along with cerebrospinal fluid bulges out
meningohydroencephalocele
portion of brain, ventricle and cerebrospinal fluid bulges out
cranioschisis/ anenecephaly
front end of neural tube fails to close properly, less common but more serious than spina bifida, top of skull absent, malformed brain mass, OUTCOME ALWAYS FATAL
detections of myelomeningocele and anencephaly
alpha-fetaprotein in mother's blood, high resolution ultrasound, amniocentesis- withdraw sample of amniotiv fluid
prevention of neural tube defects
vitamin B9/ folic acid, recommended daily does of 400 micrograms, important before conception and in first month where neuralation occurs
paraplegia
result of lower spinal cord injury where legs are affected, about 50%`
quadriplegia/ tetraplegia
result of upper spinal cord injury, legs and arms affected, about 50%
85%
chance of person being alive 10 years later if they survived forst 24 hours after spinal cord injury
C1 to C8
spinal nerves located in neck, involved with back of head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands and diaphragm (breathing)
T1 to T12
spinal nerves located in upper back, involved with the trunk, part of arms
L1 to L5
spinal nerves located in middle of back, involved with hips and legs
S1 to S5
spinal nerves located in lower back, involved with groin, toes, and some parts of legs
C2 to C5
spinal nerves involved with breathing
S2 to S3
spinal nerves involved with bowel and bladder action
dendrites and cell bodies
signals received on this
axons
signals sent along
grey matter
contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, receive signals
white matter
contains mostly axons, many extend up and down spinal cord
spinal pathways
communication between spinal cord and brain depends on these
MS/ Multiple Sclerosis
demyelinating/ autoimmune disease that damages myelin in brain and spinal cord
Common signs/ symptoms of MS
motor/ movement probems, dizziness, optic neuritis, numbness, pain, bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction, changes in mood, cognition, or emotion
oligodendrocytes
glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS
possible causes of MS
genetics, earlier infection and later activation of immune system , mistaken identity of myelin for invader, myelin and axon are innocent bystanders caught in crossfire of immune system attacks
benign MS
type of MS that it not truly harmful, have only one or few episodes
relapsing/ remitting MS
type of MS that comes and goes, MOST COMMON TYPE, recovery may be incomplete- leading to disabilities over timw
relapsing/ remitting becomes progressive (secondary progressive)MS
type of MS that comes and goes then eventually goes into downward trend, leads to increased disability
primary progressive MS
type of MS that continually gets worse, least common type
remyelination
new oligos are produced, forms new myelin- sheaths are thinner and smaller though
coricosteroids/ Methylprednisolone
short term treatment of MS of ongoing attack, dampens activity of immune system, side effects include: retaining water, fat deposits, raises BP and eye pressure, causes thin skin and mood swings
Avonex and Betageron
versions of interferons-modulate immune system activity, slows progression of MS
Copaxone
synthetic protein that suppresses activity of T cells, competes with myelin proteins for antibodies against myelin
tysabri
antibody, limits movement of WBCs into the CNS
Gilenya
first pill for MS, may limit number of WBCs and entrance into CNS
Alemtuzamab
possible MS medication, anti-neoplastic (cancer drug), kills t cells
statins
possible MS medication, cholesterol lowering drug, limits inflammation response of immune system
epilepsy
possible MS medication, cholesterol lowering drug, limits inflammation response of immune system
aura
indication that a tonic clonic seizure may be coming, comes in several forms
status epilepticus
prolonged or frequently repeated tonic clonic seizures
GABA
neurotransmitter at inhibitory chemical synapses
glutamate
neurotransmitter at excitatory chemical synapses
Dilantin
anti-seizure medication that limits excitation
Luminal
anti-seizure medication that promotes inhibition
valproic acid
anti-seizure medication that limits excitation and promotes inhibition

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