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Biol 140: Epidemiology
What are the BMI classifications for overweight, obese, and the three classes for extreme obesity?
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Overweight: 25-29.9
Obesity: 30 or higher
Class I: 30-34.9
Class II: 35-39.5
Class III: 40 or higher |
What is used to classify overweight and obesity in children?
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Standardized growth charts (sex, weight, height, age) based on BMI
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What are the percentiles for overweight and and obesity in children?
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Overweight: BMI between 85th-95th percentile for age and sex
Obesity: BMI greater than 95th percentile for age and sex |
What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the US? What trends are seen in the prevalence data?
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1988-00: Overweight (32%) -stable
1999-02: slight increase
2002-06: slight decrease
2006-08: back to 32%
1988-02: Obesity (30%) -increasing
2002-08: Obesity (32%)
1988-06: Extreme obesity (5%) -increasing
2006-08: Extreme obesity (6%)
Tennessee prevalence: 31.1% obese |
What is the energy balance equation?
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Energy deficit is required for weight loss:
1lb(0.45kg) of fat = 3,500 kcal |
What are the 6 factors that tilt the equation to gaining weight?
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1) high fat, energy dense foods
2) palatable, low-cost, easily available foods
3) large portion sizes
4) decreased work-related PA
5) decreased activity of daily living
6) increased sedentary behavior |
What is the trend with daily occupational caloric expenditure?
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Decreasing for both men and women:
Men(140 kcals a day)
Women(120 kcals a day) |
How does active transportation play a role in obesity trends?
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-Car-dependent lifestyles
-Little to no ability to walk/bike |
What is the most important PA factor related to weight loss?
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Total volume, but no for sure
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How do researchers typically measure diet and PA in energy balance studies?
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Dietary recalls, physical activity monitors (pedometers, accelerometers, etc), body composition scans, resting metabolic rate
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What PA volume is needed for maintaining a healthy weight?
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13-26 MET hours walking 4mph for 150min/week or jogging at 6mph for 75min/week
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What PA volume is needed for losing weight?
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31 MET hours walking 45 minutes daily at 4mph or 70 minutes daily at 3 mph or jogging 22 minutes daily at 6mph
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What geographic trends in obesity have been seen in the US?
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Southeast is mostly obese
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What are health consequences of obesity?
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-CHD
-Type II Diabetes
-Cancer
-Hypertension
-Dyslipedemia
-Stroke
-Liver/Gallbladder disease
-Sleep apnea
-Osteoarthritis
-Gynecological problems |
What are modifiable risk factors of obesity?
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-Physical inactivity
-excess caloric intake
-low socioeconomic status |
What are non-modifiable risk factors for overweight and obesity?
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-Hereditary (genetics)
-age
-ethnicity or race
-culture |
What provides greatest weight loss: diet, exercise, or a combination?
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Combination
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Define weight loss.
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At least 5% loss of body weight
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Define weight maintenance.
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Weight change of less than 3%
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Define weight regain.
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Consistent between 3-5% weight change
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What are common methods for measuring body composition?
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-Visual inspection
-BMI
-Magnetic resonance imaging (little error)
-Hydrostatic weighing
-Air plethysmography
-Skinfold measurements
-Bioelectrical impedance analysis
-Waist and hip circumferences |
What is cancer?
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Diseases with processes associated with uncontrolled abnormal cell growth and proliferation
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What are the four main classifications of cancers?
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Carcinomas - develops in epithelial tissue
Sarcomas - develops in mesodermal tissue and forms solid rumors
Lymphomas - lymphatic system
Leukemias - blood born |
What is the difference between normal cells and cancerous cells?
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Normal: reproduce, stop reproducing at the right time, cell adhesion, mature, apoptosis
Cancerous: carry on reproducing, do not listen to neighboring cell signals, can become detached from primary tumor, stay immature, do not die if they go to different part of the body |
What are the most prevalent cancers in men and women?
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Normal: reproduce, stop reproducing at the right time, cell adhesion, mature, apoptosis
Cancerous: carry on reproducing, do not listen to neighboring cell signals, can become detached from primary tumor, stay immature, do not die if they go to different part of the body |
What are the most prevalent cancers in men and women?
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Men: prostate
Women: breast
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Which cancer has the highest mortality rate?
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Lung and bronchial cancer
(Men: 28%)
(Women: 26%) |
Why are cancer mortality rates decreasing?
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New medical developments
Better treatment/screening
Earlier detection
Less tobacco use |
What is the probability someone will develop cancer in their lifetime?
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Men: 1 in 2 (45%)
Women: 1 in 3 (38%) |
What are the 3 stages of the Multistage Model of Carcinogenesis?
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1)Initiation: genetic mutation/external cause/spontaneous change
2)Promotion: additional genetic changes
3)Progression: proliferating precancerous cells become full invasive tumors |
What are modifiable risk factors for cancer?
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Physical inactivity, obesity, tobacco use, poor nutrient intake, excessive sun exposure, toxic environmental exposure |
What are non-modifiable risk factors for cancer?
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Age, hereditary (genetics), sex
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How much protection can PA provide for colon, breast, and prostate cancer?
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Colon: 24% lower
Breast: 25-30% lower
Prostate: 10% lower |
What is suspected to cause the correlation between upper body muscle mass in men and prostate cancer?
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Increased androgens from increased muscularity
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Increased androgens from increased muscularity
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-reduced adiposity
-decreased estrogens and androgens
-increased physical activity
-decreased insulin and glucose
-altered adipocytikines
-improved auto-immune function |
What are the impacts of PA on cancer survival.
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fatigue
-lymphedema
-cardio respiratory fitness
-muscular strength and endurance
-quality of life
-self esteem
-safety |
What are PA recommendations for reducing risk of cancer?
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-30 to 60 min of moderate to vigorous activity most days
-sustain PA over lifetime
-avoid weight gain
-maintain BMI between 18.5 and 25.0 |
What are the 6 areas for kids to receive PA at school? How much MVPA can potentially be acquired from these settings?
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Personal: attitude, belief in ability
Social: peer influence, lack of parental support
Environmental: urban settings, access to equipment, time |
According to HP 2000, how much time in school PE should be at moderate or vigorous intensity?
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23min |
What are PA guidelines for children/adolescents?
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-60 min/day of moderate to vigorous PA
-bone strengthening 3x a week
-vigorous intensity aerobic 3x a week
-muscle strengthening 3x a week |
What does YRBS find regarding PA and academic achievement?
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Those who are physically inactive make lower grades than those who are.
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What is the Fitnessgram?
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Made by Cooper Institute in 1982 which include tests that measure aerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition
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What is the President's Fitness Challenge?
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Managed by President's council on fitness, sports and nutrition, and encourages all Americans to make being active a part of their daily lives
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What is HRPE?
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Health Related Physical Education: promotes public health objectives and focuses on the benefits of PA
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How much PE time is allocated to MVPA in the SPARK curriculum?
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7min |
"Take 10" and "Brain Breaks" are examples of what PA opportunity?
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Physical activity breaks
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At what age does health outweigh motor skills in children and adolescents?
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10 to 14, should shift to sports and group activities
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What are the 5 levels of the Social-Economical Model to promoting PA?
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1) Individual
2) Interpersonal
3) Community
4) Institutions
5) Structures, Policies, and Systems |
What are the 5 stages in the "Stages of Change Model"?
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1) Precontemplation: no inclination to exercise
2) Contemplation: thinking about doing activity in next couple months
3) Preparation: being active soon
4) Action: active for six months (high rate of relapse)
5) Maintenance: becomes habit after six months |
What are some components of successful interventions?
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-realistic goal setting
-identification of barriers
-activation of problem solving skills
-self monitoring of target health behavior
-relapse prevention |
What are 3 types of social support?
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Perceived
Received
Connected |
What are 5 strategies/consequences seen with "Individually Adapted Behavior Change Programs"? (IABCP)
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1) Substitution: stay physically active without trying to be
2) Social Support: find partners to keep accountability
3) Self-Reward: provide positive feedback
4) Commitment: encourage yourself through commitments
5) Reminders: use prompting tools to remember to do PA |