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PSYC 101: EXAM 1
Structuralism |
focus on breaking down mental processes into basic components
Edward Titchener
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Functionalism |
interested in the role the processes play
William James |
Behaviorism
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only one observable behaviors should be studied
John B Watson
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Psychodynamic
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emphasizes the role of unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses
Sigmund Freud
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Humanistic |
role of motivation on thought and behavior
ensure mental healthiness of individuals and develop therapeutic techniques
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Cognitive Pysch
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mental processes involved in judgement, decision-making, and other complex thoughts
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positive psych
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study of positive emotions, character traits
focuses on how to live a happy life
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broaden and build theory
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when stressed, your thinking narrows
positive emotions broaden your attention
Barbara Fredrickson
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nudging
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using people's natural tendencies
behavioral economics
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choice architecture
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the way sets of choices are designed and presented to ppl
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developmental psych
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human growth throughout lifespan
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clinical psych
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the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
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counseling |
providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms
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social |
uses scientific methods to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual imagined or implied presence of another human being
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industrial |
applies psychological theories and principles to organizations
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organizational
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study of workplace behavior
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personality |
characteristic pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique
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biological
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physical basis for animal and human behavior
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theory |
broader than a hypothesis
backed by evidence
concept that is testable
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goals of psychology
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describe
explain
predict
change behavior
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hypothesis
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explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
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independent variable
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variation does not depend on that of another
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dependent variable
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value depends on that of another
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experimental
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based on untested ideas or techniques and not yet est. or finalized
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control group
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group in a study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
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confounding variable
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correlates with both the dependent and independent variables
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operational definition
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result of operationalization
used to define something in terms of a process needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity
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quasi-experimental
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independent variable can not be manipulated
cant randomly assign people to the independent variable
cant make good inferences bc no control of variables
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random sample
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randomly selecting a group
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Random Assignment
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Any particular participant is equally likely to be assigned to any of the conditions in an experiment.
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Outliers |
Extreme observations in the data
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differential response rate
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not everyone does it
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Reflexivity
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a person's thoughts and ideas tend to be inherently biased.
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naturalistic observation
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observe behavior as it naturally occurs
doesnt work if people know theyre being watched
cant determine causation
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survey research
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questionnaires or interviews
cheap
quick results
not honest
bias
differential response rate
large number of people
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correlational research
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how 2 variables relate to one another
both move up or down--positive
one moves up one moves down--negative
strength or correlation depends on how close it is to the abs. value of 1
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case studies
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a lot of info about a small group of people
fewer ppl
greater depth
inexpensive
small sample size (cant generalize)
no causality
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experimenter bias
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when experimenter has bias against whats being tested for his/her benefit
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single blind design
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information that could introduce bias or otherwise skew the result is withheld from the participants.
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double blind design
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attempt to eliminate subjective bias on the part of both experimental subjects and the experimenters.
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placebo |
sugar pill
treatment with no active ingrediant
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social desirability bias
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a bias resulting from participants giving responses that make them look good rather than giving honest responses
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inferential statistics
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statistical techniques that help us evaluate whether a difference bw groups reflects a differnce in general pop and not just chance factor
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neuron |
the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system
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axon |
transmit messages away from cell body
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transmit messages away from cell body
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contains nucleus
maintain chemical balance
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dendrites
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receive message from other neurons
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myelin sheath
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fatty material that covers axon
allows impulse to speed up
damage to myelin sheath causes multiple sclerosis (demyelination)
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axon terminal
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where neurotransmitter is released
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glial cells
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support and maintain neurons
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sodium-potassium pump
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helps cell maintain equilibrium
-- inside +outside
Na and K are +
pumps K into neuron and Na out of neuron
neuron is polarized at equilibrium
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central nervous system
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brain, spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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all nerves outside cell
somatic: controls voluntary movement
sympathetic: adrenaline, rapid heart rate
parasympathetic: calms you down
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excitatory nt
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stimulate brain
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inhibatory
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balance mood
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acetylcholine
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implicated in muscle control and memory formation (Alzheimer's)
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norepinephrine
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arousal (being aware), regulation of mood, wakefulness
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dopamine |
movement, pleasurable emotions
(Parkinson's, Schizo)
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GABA |
inhibatory, associated with anxiety when in low levels
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seratonin
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mood regulation, appetite, aggression, sleep, sociability (depression)
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agonists
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"mimic" neurotransmitters
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antagonists
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chemical that blocks a neurotransmitter (medicines for schizophrenia)
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medulla
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sits at spinal cord
involuntary functions
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reticular formation
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governs overall brain activity, levels of consciousness
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cerebellum
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voluntary muscle coordination and balance
cerebellar hypoplasia (wobbly cat)
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Thalamus
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receives sensory info and sends it to other parts to be processed
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hypothalamus
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appetitive behaviors (hunger, thirst, aggression)
regulation of metabolism
Prader-Willi Syndrom (never feel full)
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amygdala |
involved with emotional experience and expression
ability to see threat in environment
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
damage causes passiveness and difficulty recognizing familiar objects
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hippocampus |
acquisition and consolidation of memory
damage causes difficulty making new memories
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cerebral cortex
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frontal lobe: most advanced, planning, higherorder thinking; if damaged problems with self awareness (Logorrhea- cant shut up)
parietal lobe: makes sense of sensory and motory info, makes more complex movements; if damaged cause inability to make purposeful movements (apraxia)
occiptal lobe: processing, integration, and interpretation of visual info; Anton-Babinski Syndrome- saying you can see but youre actually blind
temporal lobe: interpretation and processing of auditory info. may be a cause to schizophrenia
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