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HIST 158: FINAL
Romulus Augustulus
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-Ruler of the Western Roman Empire from 475-476
-Last ruler of Rome
-Deposed by Odoacer
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Great Schism
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-in 1054
-Eastern Orthodox Church v. Western Roman Catholic Church
-Mutual excommunication of east and west popes
-Caused by disagreements over papal authority (who ruled where)
-Each group then decided that they were the true Catholic Church, and that the other had left during the Schism
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Clovis |
-King of the Franks 509-511
-First king of France
-Adopted Catholicism; led to a widespread conversion in Frankish people
-Started alliance w/ church & kings
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Botticelli |
-1455-1510
-Italian painter of the early renaissance
-Belonged to the Florentine school under the patronage of Medici
-Well known for "The Birth of Venus and Primavera"
-Seen to represent linear grace of Renaissance art
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Gutenberg |
-Collaborative inventor of the printing press with Fust and Schoffer
-1398-1468
-German
-First book published was the Bible
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Fust |
-Collaborative inventor of the printing press with Gutenberg and Schoffer
-Died c. 1466
-German
-Sued Gutenberg and won
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Schoffer |
-Collaborative inventor of the printing press with Gutenberg and Fust
-c. 1425-1503
-German
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Conquest of Constantinople
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-1453
-The capture of the Eastern Roman Empire by the Ottomans
-Marked the end of the Roman Empire
-Massive blow to Christianity
-Intellectuals fled to Italy, fueling the Renaissance
-Before this point, war was more of a gentleman's sport
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Proletarianization
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-Fighting for money; hiring of armies (mercenaries)
-Came bc of the invention of gunpowder; anyone could fire a gun, so anyone could be hired as a soldier
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Royalization
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-Benefitted the large territorial princes
-Hurt nobles
-Armies became funded and controlled by Princes
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Copernicus |
-1473-1543
-Renaissance mathematician and astronomer
-Heliocentricity, homogenous universe, finite
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Giordano Bruno
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-1548-1600
-Italian philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer
-Argued that universe was infinite (burned at the stake)
-Started out as a monk
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Galileo
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-1564-1642
-Demonstrated that Copernicus was right
-Built a telescope
-Noticed imperfections (sunspots) on sun, observed stars, milky way, universe seemed infinite
-Church got mad, he recanted his statements
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Ptolemy |
-Wrote "Geography," which gave locations for c. 80,000 places
-Maps were very precise for his time
-Extensive notes on techniques of mapmaking
-Wanted his readers to add on to his work
-Born c. 100 CE
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Renaissance
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-Cultural movement, "re-birth"
-Came after the famine & subsequent black plague (1340s)
-Italy: heart of the Renaissance, center of Roman Empire
-New love for classic lit, learning, and art
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Popolo grasso
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-Wealthy merchant classs & urbanized nobles
-Italian
-13th-15th centuries
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Popolo Minuto
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-The craftsmen and laborers
-Forbidden to organize into guilds
-Italy
-13th-15th centuries
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Ciompi |
-Unguilded wool workers
-Italian
-Revolted in 1378, crushed mercilessly by established guilds
-Centered in Florence
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Dante
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-1265-1321
-Wrote Divine Comedy
-Divine Comedy follows Virgil through the levels of hell
-Italian
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Petrarch |
-1304-1374
-Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy
-Early humanist
-"Ascent of Mont Ventoux"
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Humanism
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-Study of humans, their interaction, history, philosophy, sociology, policy, gov't, etc
-Heavily influenced by the classics
-The revival of humanism occurred during the Renaissance
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Lorenzo Valla
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-Discovered that the Donation of Constantine was forged
-Encouraged people to come to a new understanding of history
-First modern historian
|
Renaissance Papacy
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-Popes and cardinals were wealthy and lived luxuriously
-Many had children and affairs
-1417-Reformation
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Patronage
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-Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige
-Artists needed it to fund their projects
-Example: Medici family
|
Medici Family
|
-Prominent banking family in Florence
-Were patrons for many artists, boosting Florence to the art capital of the world
-4 members of the fan became popes, solidifying their power
|
Henry the Navigator
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-Portuguese
-Financed exploration down the coast of Africa
-Searched for gold, turned into the slave trade (thx Henry)
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Vasco de Gama
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-Portugese explorer
-First European to reach India by sea
-Reached southern tip of Africa in 1498
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Max Weber
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-German
-Considered one of the 3 founders of sociology
-Focused a lot on the relationship between religion and economics
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Babylonian Captivity
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-7 consecutive popes resided in France instead of Rome
-Conflict btwn the French monarchy and the church
-French control and influence of the Papacy influenced the church and gave France more power
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Western Schism
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-Began at the end of Babylonian Captivity
-Split within the Catholic Church from 1378-1418
-2 (later 3) different popes, each with his own following/clergy
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Erasmus
|
-Christian humanism
-Wrote "Praise of Folly," played an important role in beginning the Protestant Reformation
-Wanted to reform the Catholic church and get rid of all the bad stuff, but wanted to be Catholic
-Rejected Luther's emphasis on faith alone
-Dutch
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Martin Luther
|
-1483-1546
-German
-Began the Protestant reformation in 16th century Europe
-95 theses
-Excommunicated in 1521
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Nogarola
|
-Female Italian Humanist
-Refused to marry in order to continue her education
-Debated the story of Adam and Eve
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Mirandola |
-Humanist
-Man had reason and free will
-Renaissance nobility was based on virtue
-1463-1494
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Vasari
|
-Wrote about Italian Renaissance artists
-1511-1574
-Vasari's fame rests on his massive book: "Life of the Most Eminent Painters"
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Zwingli
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-Early Protestant Reformer
-Broke away from Luther bc he thought Communion was back
-Accepted supremacy of the Scriptures, applied it more rigorously to all doctrines/practices
-Swiss
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The Terror
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-A period of violence that occurred with the onset of the French Revolution
-Sparked by conflict btwn the Girondins and the Jacobins
-The Guillotine is a symbol of the Terroe
-Thank you Robespierre
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Louis XVI
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-Last King of France before the Revolution
-Decapitated in 1793
-Married to Marie Antoinette
-Tried to escape, was captured
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Tennis Court Oath
|
-3rd estate formed together to form the National Assembly on a tennis court bc they were locked out of the assembly hall
-Refused to disband until a new constitution was written
-1789 in France
|
National Assembly
|
-Formation of the 3rd estate in an effort to create a new constitution
-Not recognized by other countries as the ruling organization
-Was the revolutionary assembly
|
Jacques Necker
|
-King's financer
-Supporter of the 3rd estate; people liked him
-Fired and jailed, resulted in the storming of the Bastille
|
Masimilien Robespierre
|
-Leader of the French Revolution
-Encouraged and supported the Terror
-Nicknamed "the incorruptible"
-Initially had very peaceful ideas: equality, abolition of slavery, universal male suffrage, no death penalty
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The Bastille
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-Parisan Prison
-Symbol of French absolutism
-Torn apart brick by brick during the revolution (known as the Storming of the Bastille)
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Anabaptists
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-Didn't believe in infant baptism
-Often a persecuted minority
-Began in the 16th century
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Protestant Reformation
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-Sparked by Luther's 95 Theses
-Lutherans and Calvinists were the largest Protestant groups that developed almost immediately
-Catholic Church tried to confront w/ Counter-Reformation (initiated by the Council of Trent)
|
Calvin |
-Considered one of the initiators of the Protestant Reformation
-French
-Trained as a humanist lawyer and broke away from the Catholic Church
-Fled to Switzerland to avoid religious persecution
|
Council of Trent
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-1545-1563
-Series of councils specifically for reforming the Catholic church
-Created the Jesuits
|
Loyola
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-Led the Jesuits
-Established Jesuits in 1540
-Organized like a military group, but the weapon was education (known for academic excellence)
|
Burghers
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-People who live in cities, not the country
-Represent a movement of greater social mobility
-Their location allowed them to get educated and better define their own lives
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Peace of Augsburg
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-1555
-Treaty that marked the end of brutal religious wars in Germany
-"cuius regio, eius religio"
-Citizens have to have the religion of their ruler
-Many people chose to move to keep their religion
-Ultimately led to more stability
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80 Years War
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-War between the Dutch (Spanish-ruled) and Spanish
-Initially Spain held control, but then the Dutch won
-Resulted in the Netherlands becoming a sovereign state
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Feudalism
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-Says: one can hold land in exchange for labor/service/loyalty
-9th-15th centuries
-Abolished in France due to Revolution
-Lingered much longer in Eastern than in Western Europe
|
Capetians
|
-French dynasty
-Consisted of Hugh Capet's male line of descendants
-Often considered one of the most powerful families in European history
-Dominated European politics for nearly 5 centuries
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100 Years War
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-France v England
-Resulted in fuedal armies being replaced by professional ones
-First standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire
-Echoed ideas of French and English nationalism
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Absolutism
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-The King has all power
-Right to tax, use violence, control bureaucracy
-Claim to a divine right by God
-Louis XIV: "L'etat, c'est moi!" ("I am the state!")
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St. Bartholomew'sMassacre
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-Paris, France, 1572
-Huge killing of Huguenots
-Happened in France and was ordered by the king
-Turning point in religious wars
-Convinced Protestants in other countries that Catholicism was violent and bloody
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Edict of Nantes
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-Allowed Huguenots a greater degree of civil rights
-Marked the end of the religious wars in France of the 1500s
-Offered Freedom of Conscience, giving rights to Protestants
-Issued by Henry IV of France
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Henry IV
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-Said "Paris is worth a mass" when he converted to Catholicism
-Enacted Edict of Nantes
-Involved in wars of religion and ended them in France
|
Treaty of Munster
|
-(1648)
-Provision of the Treaty of Westphalia freeing the Netherlands from Spanish rule
-2 treaties
|
30 Years War
|
-Territorial
-Between city states of the HRE
-First major European war between multiple states
-Between the Habsburgs and European powers
-One of the deadliest: 3-% of Germans died
-Ended w Peace of Westphalia
|
Treaty of Westphalia
|
-1648
-Ended 30 years war
-Lead to balance of power
|
Jean Bodin
|
-16th century, French
-Believed that absolutism would bring stability to Europe
-Best known for his theory of sovereignty; believed that in every state there must be a sovereign group w the power to govern
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
-16th-17th century
-English
-Wrote on the base of the english civil war
-Believed that human nature is chaotic, violent, barbaric; humans need gov't and control in order to prosper
-Absolutism = social contract which people entered into voluntarily
|
John Locke
|
-17th Century
-English
-Social contract Theory: Purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property
-People should rise up against government if it fails to provide basic rights; ideas later used in American Revolution
|
Constitutionalism
|
-Exception to absolutism
-The Dutch Republic and England maintained a parliamentary tradition
-The power of the government is regulated and limited by a body of laws
|
Enlightenment
|
-Period where cultural and intellectual forces in Europe focused on reason, analysis, and individualism
-Challenged traditional authority, promoted by "philosophes"
-Supported by Voltaire, Newton, Descartes, Kant
|
Kant
|
-German philosopher; major figure
-"Critique of Pure Reason"
-Prominent figure of the Englightenment
-18th century
|
Rousseau
|
-State of Nature: man is naturally good and peaceful
-Society and government corrupt man and lead to violence and suffering
-Social Contract: law and community first
-From Geneva
-18th century
|
Voltaire |
-French enlightenment writer and philosopher
-Famous for his wit, attacks on Catholic church, support of religious freedom, freedom of expression, and secularism
-Satirist
-18th century
|
French Revolution
|
... |
Mysticism |
... |
English Civil War
|
-Started in 1640s
-Should Parliament have power, or just force the king to listen to them
-Charles 1 was taxing people (executed)
-Charles 2 was executed when Commonwealth of England was established
-Ended w the 1690 Bill of Rights
|
Goethe |
-German writer and statesman
-Famous at a young age for "The Sorrows of Young Werther"
-Participant in the "Sturm und Drang" literary movement
|
Diderot & d'Alenbert
|
... |
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
-1802 First Consul for life: Emperor Napoleon I
-Rose through ranks of French military
-Russian campaign crippled him, lost 500,000 soldiers
|
1792 War
|
-France vs. Austria (France won)
-Tried to overthrow the revolution in France
|
the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
|
-Influenced by Thomas Jefferson
-Fundamental document of the French Revolution of human rights
-Rights of men are universal and "natural"
-Introduced by General LaFayette
|
"Great Fear"
|
-French countryside
-Period of panic among peasants when they heard rumors of a conspiracy to overthrow the 3rd estate
-burned nobles' houses/castles, caused nobles to give up their power = end of feudalism, universal taxes, proportional punishments
|
Marat |
-Published radical revolutionary newspaper
-Paper enacted violence and massacres of 1st and 2nd estate prisoners
-Stabbed to death in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday
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Execution of Louis XVI
|
-January 21, 1793
-"the king is only a man; no man is above the law"
-By means of the Guillotine
-Occured at Revolution Square in Paris
|
German Wars of Religion
|
-Ended at the Peace of Augsburg
-Resulted in change in religion and conflict btwn Protestants and Catholics
-Political conflicts that were being portrayed as religious
|
7 Years War
|
-1754-1763
-Worldwide, affected most major powers
-Ended w the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Hubertusburg
|
Gunpowder
|
-Originally used in China for recreation
-By the end of the 1300s, firearms were being produced throughout Europe
-War was no longer a "gentleman's sport"
-Proletarianization & royalization of warfare
|
Marie Antoinette
|
-Married to Louis XVI
-Never actually said "Let them eat cake"
-Born in Austria in 1755
-Executed in Paris by guillotine
|
Leibniz
|
-17th-18th century mathematician and philosopher
-Strong proponent of optimism
-Represented in Candide through the character Pangloss
|
Enlightened Despotism
|
... |
New Paternalism
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... |
Communal Revolution
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... |
Dignity of Man
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... |
Bill of Exchange
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... |
Rediscovery of the Classics
|
-Related to the rise of humanism
-Humanists valued and looked to the classics to learn about man
-A manifestation of humanist ideas
|