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SOC 0438: EXAM 2
University of Chicago Study on Sexuality (1994)
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most influential studies of American sexuality
Results:
75% of men always had orgasms
29% of women always had orgasms
23% of women reported being forced to have sex
3% of men admitted to forcing themselves on women
*highest frequency of sex/week: age 21-25 (3x)
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Agents of Socialization
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groups that teach appropriate values, attitudes, & behaviors to new members
i.e. parents, friends, media/movies, school, church
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Infidelity Trends
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overall more women consider certain acts as infidelity than men
intercourse = 88% (men); 94% (women)
looking at another = 6% (men + women)
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What is the percentage of college students they have had unprotected sex?
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73% of college students
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Teen Sex Stats: % of kids who had sex w/ someone they were romantically involved with
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49% of people ages 12-21 years old
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Filter Factor of Mate Selection
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All eligible partners
Propinquity
Ethnicity/Race
Age
Social Class (*most important)
*Time is another important factor
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Homogamy
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the idea that we tend to choose mates with similar characteristics as us
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What is the fundamentally modern problem?
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problem = romantic love
we are now free to choose romantic love
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Single |
legal definition meaning "not married" but doesn't necessarily mean "available" or "looking to mingle"
includes people in long-term committed relationships with or w/out kids
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What percentage of Americans over age 18 are currently married?
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51% of Americans
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Voluntary Temporary Singles
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49% of Americans 18+
people who plan to get married someday, but aren't making those plans right not
young & old people w/ other priorities
ex: dating cohabitation, premarital cohabitation, or trial marriage
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Voluntary Stable Singles
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people that are not married and not looking to get married
reasons:
- religion
- illegal (LGBQT)
- economic reasons
- political reasons
ex: substitute marriage
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Involuntary Temporary Singles
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people who are on the market, looking for the right person
young people or divorced & on the market
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Involuntary Stable Singles
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primarily older people who would like to be married but have given up on it
reasons:
- never found the right person
- never able to afford it
- physical or psychological impairment
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Cohabitation |
a living arrangement where 2 unrelated people are not married but live together & are in a sexual relationship
9% of US population
generally a temporary situations (changes within 1 yr)
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What percentage of couples live together before they marry?
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60% of married couples
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How does cohabitation affect children?
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kids in cohabitating home are more likely to be WORSE off
More likely to:
- experience domestic violence
- be poor
- parents spend more $ alcohol & tobacco
- have academic, emotional, & behavioral problems
instability
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6 Sociological Explanations of Date Rape
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1. family violence
2. gender role expectations
3. peer pressure
4. secrecy
5. alcohol/drugs
6. cultural messages that say it's okay
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3 Psychological Explanations of Date Rape
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1. Misogyny
2. Narcissism
3. Sexual Inadequacy
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5 Benefits of Marriage
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Married people:
1. are happier & healthier
2. lower rates of heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc.
3. attempt suicide less frequently
4. have fewer auto accidents
5. less likely to suffer from depression
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What is the problem with the psychological explanations of date rape?
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most people who commit date rape have fairly normal psychological functioning
makes it hard to distinguish them from non-rapists
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Data Wars: Feminists on marriage problems
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say that married women are LESS healthy & have HIGHER rates of mental illness/depression than married men or singles
housework = major culprit
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Why are married people generally happier & healthier than singles?
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- strong social ties are important to well-being
- risky behavior is reduced
- spouse provides care when other is ill
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Housework Stats
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wives do 4-5x MORE hours of housework than husbands
1977: employed fathers - 1.3hrs/day
employed mothers - 3.7hrs/day
2002: employed fathers - 2hrs/day
employed mothers - 3hrs/day
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Male Strategies to Resisting Housework
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- playing dumb
- waiting it out
- needs reduction
- substitute offerings
- clinging to stereotypical gender roles (doing gender)
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4 Possibilities for the #1 source of conflict
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1. Housework
2. Money
3. Frequency
4. Lack of togetherness time
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Data Wars: Conservative View on Marriage Problems
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States that the feminist research is flawed b/c it focuses on typically female mental illnesses
emotional problems are EQUALLY common among husbands & wives
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Marital Styles: Conflict Habituated
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marital style in which the couple fights a lot but doesn't get a divorce
the fighting is what they have in common & good problem solver
thrive on incompatibility
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Marital Styles: Devitalized
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martial style in which the marriage starts off very romantic & then they drift apart
do things together out of obligation instead of love
no divorce b/c they get along - resigned to stay married
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Marital Styles: Passive Congenial
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marital style in which one partner gives the other a lot of room - very independent
low emotional investment & few expectations
marriage is convenient, practical, & comfortable
never had passion
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Marital Styles: Vital Marriage
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marital style in which the couple spends a lot of time together & enjoys each other's company
type of marriage that everyone wants
quickly resolve conflicts through compromise
sex is important & pleasurable
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Marital Styles: Total Marriage
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marital style in which the couple shares EVERYTHING
few areas of tension
*intrinsic marriage
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Active Listening Techniques
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reframing the problem or dispute to put it in a more positive light
Gotman states that this communication technique does NOT work
*some of the best marriages are when the husband shuts up
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Unlicensed At-Home Day Care
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an option for childcare which has no standards of governing quality & safety
possibility of poorly trained staff, low pay, low standards, too many kids, & too little regulations
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Patterns of Marital Satisfaction in Long Term Relationships
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communication patterns:
5 positive comments: 1 negative commen
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Licensed Day Care Center
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an option for childcare in which the center does meet certain standards (varies by state)
still does not guarantee anything
possibility of low wages for teachers, few benefits, & low staff turnover (31%)
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Why is the need for childcare outside of the home growing?
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reasons:
1. single parent families are rising
2. dual working spouses are w/ kids are rising
3. changes in the job market
4. effects of welfare reform
5. family leave policies
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U.S. Maternity Leave
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12 weeks of maternity leave w/ 0% of wages paid
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Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
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This act allows 12 weeks of unpaid leave to take care of a new baby but it only applies to companies w/ 50+ employees
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California Maternity Leave Legislation (2004)
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legislation that grants 6 weeks of leave w/ 55% of salary paid to take care of child or sick family member
*workers pay $0.50/wk to finance
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Family & Medical Insurance Leave Act (2013)
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sponsored by NY Senator Gillibrand
act that grants paid medical leave for every individual regardless of size of current employer
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What Americans THINK the wealth distribution is
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Top 20% of people own 55% of nation's wealth
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What Americans would LIKE the wealth distribution to be
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Top 20% has 30% of the nation's wealth
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What the wealth distribution is ACTUALLY like
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Top 205 has 80% of the nation's wealth
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7 Economic Trends
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1. the middle & lower class have been steadily losing ground
- typical family holds much less wealth than in 1989
2. changes in the labor force
3. Death of job security
4. what if the stock market collapses?
5. Will social security go bankrupt?
6. housing prices are skyrocketing
7. loss of health insurance coverage
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Who are the culprits for death of job security?
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outsourcing is to blame
highly skilled US jobs are now moving to low wage countries to save money
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What are the changes in the labor force?
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we are experiencing a growing service economy w/ low pay & few benefits
there is a steady rise of involuntary part-time workers b/c full-time is unavailable
- few benefits
- easy to lay off
- high rates of depression & anxiety
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Social Security
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a social insurance program that began after the Great Depression (1935) by President Roosevelt
workers fund a monthly check by payroll tax on all salaried income
first $113,700 of income is taxed
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Social Security Crisis
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- people are living longer
- there's too many old people
- there's not enough $ in the SS fund
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What to do to help SS crisis?
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- put retirement $ into the stock market
- raise the retirement age
- reduce benefits
- make higher income earner pay SS tax on all or more earnings
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3 Pillars of Good Retirement
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1. social security
2. personal savings
3. pension plans & retirement plans largely tied to stock market
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What are the 5 main causes of death for kids under 5 in the developing world?
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1. lack of a skilled attendant during delivery
2. under-nutrition
3. diarrhea
4. measles
5. pneumonia
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2 Factors for the high newborn death rate (US)
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1. education
2. lack of access to health/prenatal care
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The "underlying cause" of newborn death
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Poverty
$400 of prenatal could prevent $400,000 of medical care & services for a sick baby throughout its life
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Partial Solution for Undernutrition
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promote exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months
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The Time Crisis
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"Not enough hours in the day"
Americans are working more now than in the 1950s & medieval peasants
1,787 annual hours worked
less vacation time & more overtime
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Results of the Time Crisis
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-sleep deprivation
-more fatigue & accidents/injuries
-less time to exercise or cook
-more fast food consumption
-strained marital & family relationships
-more health problems
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Why is the Time Crisis Happening
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fear of being laid off/demoted
weak US labor unions
political debate on "the work week"
battle b/t unions & business
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Risk Factors for Divorce
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Age (younger = more likely to get divorced)
SES (poor have higher divorce rates)
Race/Ethnicity (AA = more likely)
Educational Level (college grads = less likely)
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Remarriage Stats
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70% of divorced people remarry
Men are more likely than women
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Why do college graduates have a lower likelihood of getting divorced?
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college grads tend to postpone marriage, have better jobs, & have less poverty
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Demographic trends of the future of the family
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rise in 2 income households
family size is shrinking (3.7---> 2 children)
steadily aging population
steady increase in US population (immigration & high birth rates)
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Technological Advances
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reproduction technology
genetic engineering (cloning)
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William Joy's Observations
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1. By 2030 computers will be a million times more powerful
2. increase in nanotechnology
3. Artificial intelligence will replace human intel
4. possibility of man made plague
5. in next 2 generations, humanity may be extinct
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