Psyc 100: Chapter 14 Personality
44 Cards in this Set
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personality
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-how we react to situations, thinking and feeling and speaking
-internal moods/feelings that determine behavior
-culmination of experience
-character traits
-traits that influence thoughts/behaviors/feelings
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PT barnum effect
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people are inclined to believe feedback, particularly if it's general feedback that could be true of everyone
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nomothetic approach to studying personality
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focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
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idiographic approach to studying personality
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focuses on identifying unique configuration of characteristics and the life history experiences within a person
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6 ways to study personality
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behavior-genetic
psychoanalytic
trait
behavioral
social
humanistic
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behavior-genetic approach
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genetics has a moderate influence on personality, environment has a small effect on personality
-twin studies
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psychoanalytic approach
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developed by sigmund freud, three primary principles
1.psychic determinism
2. symbolic meaning
3. unconscious motivation
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freudian theory
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levels of consciousness
-conscious
-preconscious
-unconscious
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conscious
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what we're aware of
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preconscious
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memories etc. that can be recalled
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unconscious
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wishes, feelings, impulses that lies beyond our awareness
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3 freudian theory structures of personality
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id
ego
superego
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id
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basic instinct, operates according to pleasure principle
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ego
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decision maker, operates according to the reality principle
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superego
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contains values and ideals, sense of morality
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defense mechanisms
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determined by freud
-unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting the person from unpleasant emotions
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denial
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refusal to accept external realities because theyre too threatening to enter awareness
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repression
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internal impulses and memories too threatening so barred from entering awareness
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projection
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attribute unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others
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displacement
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shifting attention from one target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or safer substitute
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regression
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reverting to behavior that is characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety
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rationalization
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explaining an unacceptable behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures
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reaction formation
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converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses onto the exact opposite
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sublimation
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healthy defense mechanism, takes socially unacceptable impulses and turns them into something positive and acceptable
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freud's 5 psychosexual stages
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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psychoanalytic perspective
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the progression or fixation of child's libido at each stage determines adult personality development
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oral stage
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first 18 months
-experience the world through their mouth
-develop wishes and expectations about dependence
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fixations
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conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they arise
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anal stage
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1-3 years
-conflicts with parents about compliance vs defiance
-basis of attitudes toward order and disorder
-excretion/withholding = power
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anal triad
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orderliness and cleanliness, parsimony and stinginess, stubborness
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phallic stage
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4-6 years
-children enjoy the pleasure they can obtain from touching their genitals
-identifies with significant others, especially the same sex parent
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identification
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making another person part of ones self
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hypermasculinity
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competitive and agressive qualities are expressive of castration anxiety
-part of phallic personality
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hyperfemininity
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over identifies with mother, may attract men via flirtatious behavior but deny sexual intent
-part of phallic personality
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oedipus complex
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refers to freud's hypothesis that little boys want an exclusive relationship with their mothers
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electra complex
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little girls want an exclusive relationship with their fathers
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latency stage
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7-11 years
-children repress their sexual impulses and continue to identify with their same sex parent
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genital stage
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12+ years
-conscious sexuality resurfaces after years of repression, and sex becomes a primary goal
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rorschach (inkblot) test
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random inkblot is pressed inside a folded piece of paper, respondents report what they see
-helps express unconscious
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thematic aperception test
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respondent weaves a story around an image; analyst interprets meaning behind the story
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5 postulates of contemporary psychoanalytic theory
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1. unconscious plays a large role in life
2. behavior often reflects compromises in conflicts between mental processes
3. childhood is important in personality development
4. mental representations of the self and relationships guide our interactions with others
5. personality develop…
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the big five trais (OCEAN)
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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structured personality tests
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answer questions about personality in one of a few fixed ways, easy to administer, objectively graded
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projective tests
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examinees interpret ambiguous stimuli, people project their personality onto stimuli, answers must be interpetated, are they reliable?
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