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NROSCI 0080: LECTURE 16
learning |
a long term change in behavior; the information acquisition process
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memory |
the storage and retrieval of learned information
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what are the three classifications of learning
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simple, procedural, or complex
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what does all learning require?
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experience
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simple learning
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can occur at a subconscious level without any effort on our part, or any awareness of a change in our behavior
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what does even the simplest kinds of learning imply?
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that something has been experienced and remembered
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can conscious perception of simple learning occur?
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yes, but it is unnecessary
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what part of the brain is required for simple learning and what part is not?
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the spinal cord and brainstem are required(including the cerebellum) and the cortex or hippocampus is not
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is the amygdala required for simple learning?
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sometimes it is involved
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classical conditioning (pavlovian conditioning)
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the result of pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response; learned procedure whereby a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because of its repeated pairing with some event
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response
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unconditioned response
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the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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conditioned stimulus
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an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response
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conditioned response
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the learned response to a formerly neutral controlled stimulus
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eye blink response
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US: air puff to eye
UR: blink
CS: tone
CR: blink to tone
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synaptic strengthening
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new association thought to occur within the amygdala
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procedural learning
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knowledge of how to do something
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what is required in procedural learning and what is not
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cortex and cerebellum are required and hippocampus and amygdala is not
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what is sometimes required for procedural learning?
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the hippocampus if there is a spatial component to the learning
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cortex cerebellum interactions in procedural learning
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important for motor learning; ex: pursuit rotor task, tying shoelaces, riding a bike, walking, playing a piano
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complex learning
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higher order learning that requires interactions between frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala
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what parts of the brain are involved in complex learning?
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spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum; interactions between cognitive cortex areas and the limbic system
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frontal cortex damage effects on complex learning
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severe deficits
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medial temporal lobe
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carries information into the hippocampus, links it with the amygdala, connects it to the rest of the cortex
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what is a critical part of learning
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memory
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what must you do in order to remember something
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acquire it (learn it), retain it (store it), and be able to retrieve it on demand
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what are the three stages of memory
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immediate (a few seconds), short term (several minutes or a few hours), long term (from days to a lifetime)
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immediate memory
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extremely short term, stored only a few seconds and then it is gone; ex: look up a new phone number, remember it as you are dialing, then forget immediately
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short term memory
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memory trace lasts for several minutes up to a few hours, very fragile
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mental recitation
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short term memory might be retained by mental recitation (frontal cortex association areas)
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long term memory
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when items from short term memory are transferred for storage for days of a lifetime
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what is the storage process called for long term memory?
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memory consolidation (requires hippocampus)
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what are the two main categories of memory
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conscious: explicit (declarative)
unconscious: implicit (non declarative)
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explicit (declarative) memory
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memory that you are consciously aware of (you can talk about it)
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implicit (nondeclarative)
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memory that you are not consciously aware of, memory for which subjects can demonstrate knowledge, but not explicitly retrieve information
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how are memories stored in the brain?
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thought to be the result of a strengthening of synapses or development of new synapses as a result of learning and memory
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where are memories stored in the brain
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answer is not clear -- early evidence points to the hippocampus, later evidence points to the cortex
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bidirectional nature
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proposed neural circuits for explicit memories *look at picture on slide
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undirectional nature
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proposed neural circuits for implicit memories
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amnesia |
partial or total loss of memory
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retrograde amnesia
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deficit in recalling previous information
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anterograde amnesia
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deficit in learning new information
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episodic amnesia
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can recall facts about himself (such as the schools he attended) but has no memory of any events that included him
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what is episodic amnesia often associated with
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damage to the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
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patient KC
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episodic amnesia
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patient hm (henry molaison)
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bilateral removal of temporal lobe (hippocampus) for epilepsy
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effects of henry molaison surgery
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surgery got rid of his epilepsy but he had profound anterograde amnesia (lived entirely in the present)
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patient JK
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parkinsons disease, damage to basal ganglia, demonstrated disruptions in motor tasks or types of memory that seemed implicit but has perfect episodic and declarative memory
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memory consolidation
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hippocampus is important in the storage of memory, but it is not the final storage stage
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procedural memory
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knowledge is how to do something, form of simple learning, does not require the hipppocampus
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declarative
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knowledge that is an explicit, accessible record or individual previous experiences; familiarity with those experiences
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what is required in declarative memory
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processing in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and interacting with those via the temporal cortex (complex learning)
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when does procedural learning appear in development
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earlier; farther down on the evolutionary scale
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what does declarative memory require and what does this explain
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remodeling of synapses which explains why we can't remember things well from when we were very young (neural circuits are not fully formed)
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where is the location for storage of memory
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no particular location in the cortex; contained in altered synaptic connections across multiple cortical regions
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karl lashley
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taught animals a specific task, then removed different pieces or cortex bit by bit to find out where memory was stored but he couldn't find anything
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where does it seem that memories are stored
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seems to be stored in the same parts of the brain that process that type of information
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donald hebb
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said that short term memory was an active process of limited duration leaving no traces while long term memory was produced by structural changes in the brain due to repeated activation of loops of interconnected neurons in the cortex
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cortical assemblies
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hebbs theory of memory storage; memories are stored across wide networks of association cortex in all four cortical lobes
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research supports hebbs theory of cortical assemblies
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excite any neuron in a loop and the entire assembly is activated and recalled, memory can be stored and retrieved by any sensation, thought, or emotion that can activate an neuron in the cell assmbly
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context cued recall
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the initiation of recalling the memory may be triggered by a separate input, but the actual memory produced is the same
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