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KIN 340
Which of the following from the 5 factor model theory, which has not shown any consistent relationships with exercise and physical activity?
a. neuroticism b. extraversion c. openness to expressiveness d. agreeableness e. conscientiousness
|
openness to expressiveness
|
Basic structure of personality
|
Core
Self concept is @ the center |
According to Eysenck, the optimal level of stimulation for introverts assume that stimulation increases
A. fall to the right of extraverts B. fall to the left of extraverts C. depends on their attitudes D. falls b/w extraverts & the population mean
|
fall to the left of extraverts
|
Recall from lecture the discussion of a variant of Extraversion conceptualized as manifestations of individual differences in somatosensory modulation and having a genetic basis, this was referred to as...
a. preference for exercise intensity
b. tolerance for exercise intensity
c. tolerance of exercise duration
d. both a&b |
preference and tolerance for exercise intensity
|
In the study by Rejeski et. al, the responses of 3 groups of males with different gender types wee examined during & following an acute bout of strenuous exercise. which of the following is a finding:
a. feminine males felt the best during the exercise
b. androgynous males felt the worst during exercise
c. masculine males had the highest perceived effort (RPE) during exercise
d. androgynous & masculine males felt the best during exercise |
androgynous & masculine males felt the best during exercise
|
The model of exercise behavior (specifically adherence) proposed by Dishman advocates consideration of:
genetic factors, psychological factors, biological factors |
psychological and biological factors
|
Cited as the single most important determinant of an individual's continued participation in an exercise program
a. gender composition
b. support of spouse
c. day of the wk & time
d. having an enthusiastic leader |
having an enthusiastic leader
|
Steretypes are:
a. beliefs generalized to almost all group members
b. general expectations/preconceptions about people in a particular group
c. beliefs about the characteristics of people who belong to a particular group
d. all of the above |
all of the above
|
Ostrows work examing expectations about PA @ various ages has showed that:
appropriateness of PA (A)decreases/ (B)increases with increasing age
or
most PA are rated as more appropriate for (C)males than females (D) females than males |
decreases with age
more appropriate for males |
Black bile
|
sadness
|
Sheldon's Constitutional Theory: Mesomorphic body type is theorized to have which personality type
|
somatotonia
|
Early measures of self esteem & self concept:
a. recognized the multidimensional nature of these constructs
b. largely took into acct evaluations of physical self concept
c. considered these constructs to be global self evaluations |
considered these constructs to be global self evaluations
|
The Shavelson et al model of self-concept is
a. hierarchally organized
b. initiated by situation-specific (unstable) self evaluations
c. comprised of multiple self concept domains
d. all of the above
|
all of the above
|
Prediction of the Sonstroem & Morgan Exercise and Self-Esteem Model?
a. PA measures immediately precede perceptions of physical competence
b. Physical self efficacy immediately precedes global self esteem
c. physical competence influences physical acceptance |
physical competence influences physical acceptance
|
Body ____ reflects the way we think our bodies should look and function
a. reality
b. ideal
c. image
d. cathexis |
body ideal
|
Which exercise prescription is likely to result in the largest improvement in the body image?
a. weight training @ moderate to high intensity
b. aerobic exercise @ moderate to high intensity
c. weight training programs that emphasize changing one's physical appearance
d. any type of exercise performed @ moderate to
high intensity |
weight training @ moderate to high intensity
|
In the contemplation stage, disadvantages are (a) greater than, (b) less than, (c) equal to, (d) no longer being considered to the advantages of exercising |
greater than
|
What does the construct of Decisional Balance refer to within the Transtheoretical Model?
a. ability to make fair decisions
b. incorporating opinions about PA
c. weighing +/- of a behavior
d. making the same # of decisions in each direction |
weighing +/- of a behavior
|
Social ecological models of health recognize
a. individuals bear responsibility for engaging in healthful behavior
b. there are other levels of influence on health behavior
c. the importance of considering environmental influences on behavior
d. all of the above |
all of the above
|
Social influence vs. social support
a. real/imagined pressure to change one's behavior
b. perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and info that one receives from others
c. # of social relationships one has |
si- real/imagined pressure to change one's behavior
ss-perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and info that one receives from others |
Familial resemblance refers to
a. family picnics
b. breakdown of the family unit
c. common activity patterns among family members
d. genetic influence of parents which occurs in their children |
common activity patterns among family members
|
What are the 5 Stages of Change?
|
precontemplation-not thinking(cons>pros), contemplation-thinking(pros=cons), preparation, action(advantages>disadvantages), maintenance
|
social ecological approaches (2)
|
Improve
access to facilities to facilities and programs
-lack of facilities contribute to inactivity
-+ correlation b/w accessibility and PA participation
Support active transportation
-lack of sidewalks, unsafe conditions, Copanhegan city bike program |
5 types of social support
|
Instrumental support
Emotional support
Informational support
Companionship support
Validation |
Experiential vs. behavioral processes of change
|
e-
•Directed toward increasing awareness of/changing thoughts and feelings about, self and exercise behavior
b-
Behaviors that change aspect of the environment that can affect exercise participation |
role modeling or expectancy value (parent-child relationship explanation)
-DEMPSEY STUDY |
expectancy value bc parent's behavior not significantly related to child's mvpa
|
Stereotypes of age and PA
|
senile or demented, feel miserable most of the time, can’t work as effectively as young people, unhealthy & need assistance with daily activities, socially isolated and lonely
|
Behavioral reactance
|
Respond in opposite direction to that being advocated
|
How the stereotypes influence gender and age
|
-Societal expectations
-failure to provide programs/facilities for older adults & learned helplessness
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
•Sedentary image of aging is seen as norm
•Fears of dangers are not refuted
•Has interacted with sexism to compound barriers for women due to:
a.lack of knowledge about physical capacity
b.socializing into passive, suupportive roles |
Constitutional Theory Def. And how it relates to personality
Endomorphy, ectomorphy, and mesomorphy |
Certain body types predispose individual to a behavioral consistency
Viscertonia, cerebrotonia, somatotonia |
Main dimensions of Eysenck Personality Theory
|
Extroversion-introversion
Psychoticism-superego
Neuroticism-stability |
Predictions about PA that can be derived from Eysenck theory
|
Extraverts more likely to take up and excel in sport
Negative relationship between PA & n |
Psychological reaction of a feminine type individual might have to a strenuous bout of exercise
|
Perceive task as harder, more negative affect, less tolerance for additional stress
|
3 factors that make up Hardiness personality constellation
|
Control, commitment and challenge
|
Identify and describe the 4 dimensions of body image
|
perceptual- how we see/imagine ourselves to be
cognitive-how we THINK/evaluate our body in terms of function and appearance
affective/emotional- [dis]satisfaction felt about appearance and function
behavioral-actions that reflect +/- perceptions, thoughts, or feelings about our bodies |
PSPP vs. PSDQ
-length
-content
-response format
-user friendly |
pspp-shorter, limited, more complex, less user friendly
psdq-longer, greater breadth of content, easier respose format, more user friendly |
measurement of perceptual dimension
|
assessing level of accuracy of judgments about body size/parts
-morphing images and having individual adjust it to what they think the actuality is |
measurement of cognitive dimension
|
questionnaire that assess attitudes, satisfaction, and thoughts about an individuals body
|
measurement of affective dimension
|
assess feelings (shame, anxiety, worry)
|
measurement of behavioral dimension
|
assess frequency of: avoidance behaviors, lifestyle behaviors, and body checking behaviors
|
How might body image have a de-motivating effect on exercise behavior?
|
poor body image can make someone avoid it completely
|
Define stress.
|
a state of disharmony, or threatened homeostasis
|
Difference between eustress and distress?
|
+, marriage, graduation, and job promotion
-, exams, divorce, deadlines |
How is homeostasis distinguished from allostasis?
|
-ability of an organism to change and stabilize its internal environment despite constant changes to external environment
-wide range of functioning of the coping/adoption systems depending on a variety of factors |