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Study Guide: Final Exam
Species |
SPECIFIC categorization of things (humans, bluejays...) |
Bacteria |
most ABUNDANT life on earth |
Archae |
live in inhospitable places (hot springs, sides of volcanos), prokaryotes |
Eukarya |
provide services for cell, HAVE organelles |
Protist |
(usually) single cell things |
Plants |
use photosynthesis, sun for energy |
Fungi (freaky) |
categorize by REPRODUCTION (mushrooms, fungus) |
Animals |
usually things bigger than 1 cell (multicellular) |
cell |
smallest unit of 'living matter'... separated by external environment by membrane or structure. ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE CELLs. |
Evolution |
species change over time |
Natural Selection |
Darwin develop theory. "desent with modification". organisms have to adjust to their enviroment, come up with MODIFICATIONS in order to live! |
Scientific Method- 1. Observation |
1. observation: have to notice things - 2. questions: why did this happen? -3. hypothesis: form educated guess about these questions -4. prediction: of what will happen (chemical a+b=c) -5. experiment- find out if works, either supports hypothesis or does not. ...process over & over until answer is found. |
Life's Hierarchy of Levels!! |
atom - molecule- cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organISM- population- community- ecosystem!! |
Tissue |
Two or more cells working together |
Organ |
breaks foods down into smaller pieces |
Organ system |
several organs working together (digestive system) |
Population |
interbreeding group of SAME organism |
Community |
all of the organisms interact |
Ecosystem |
includes LIVING & NON-living environment |
Characteristics of Life (OAARID) |
order, ability to transform energy, ability to respond to enviroment, reproduction, increase in size and complexity, DNA |
Order |
structural/behavioral complexity |
Ability to transform energy |
a. cell respiration OR b. photosynthesis (sunlight to make sugar molecules, does everything itself) |
Ability to respond to environment |
internal AND external, hot=sweat, cold=shiver |
Reproduction |
...speaks for itself |
Increase in size and complexity |
baby to adult |
DNA |
pass traits on to next generation |
Elements in Common Living Organisms? |
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon |
Atoms |
what these elements are COMPOSED of (smallest amoung of carbon or nitrogen is one ATOMS worth). made up of protons, neutrons (make up Nucleus) and electrons (orbit around nucleus, negative charge) |
Hydrogen |
-1e Electrons determines how reactive. first orbital holds 2, since only H holds 1= VERY reactive |
Helium |
2e- "not reactive" because it has 2 electrons |
*Ionic Bond |
Sodium: first orbital has 2, second has 8, third only 1 (EXPLOSIVE) + Chlorine: first has 2, second has 8, third has 7.... IF Sodium gives up electron to Chlorine, table salt made.. Sodium is positive, Chlorine is neg |
Chemical Bond |
1. give up an e- OR 2. Share e- |
Covalent Bond |
share e- |
Hydrogen Bond |
10% as strong, weaker than ionic and covalent. water H2O- because there are 2 H compared to one O, O takes on negative charge. top layer is more dense than the layer above it (how animals can walk on water) |
Carbon Organic Atom |
(like a leggo, can build every which way.. basis of all organic molecules that make up living systems |
Monosaccharide |
simple sugar- can occur as a ring, or chain. Glucose (plants make frutose) |
Disaccharide |
2 monosaccharides, 1. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS- you are dehydrating the 2 mono. (glucose + fructose= sucrose, sugar cane. 2. HYDROLYSIS- water split, if water added, the molecule will split |
Polysaccharide |
more than 2 mono/disach. glucose: very stable. starch: plants store, baked potato. Chitin: makes up exoskeleton on crab, lobsters |
Lipids (see pic) |
FATS and all other molecules that aren't soluble in water |
Fats |
fatty acids, long chain of carbon and hydrogen, and glycerol (3 carbon). 1. UNSaturated- liquid at room temp, fewer hydrogen molecules 2. Saturated- solid at room temp, fatty acids have max about of hydrogen atoms |
Phospholipids |
major role in membranes that hold all the cells in the body |
Steroids |
cholesterol, sex hormones |
Plasma membrane |
lipid bilayer (made up of phospholipids) |
Nucleus |
contrains DNA for making cells and individuals |
Organelles |
small organs that reside in a cell |
Cell membrane |
allows the cell to exist, communicates to other cells w/ nerves or chemical messages |
Differential Permeable |
will let certain cells in and keep certain cells out |
Cytoplasm |
provides structure, (and make more membrane?) |
Rough ER |
ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis) attached to it, TRANSFORM stuff |
Smooth ER |
detoxifies alcohol, absorb and breaks alcohol cells... catches up with the binge |
Golgi Apparatus |
cell makes something -> act as a WAREHOUSE... products are gathered, packaged, shipped, from one part of cell to another. puts finished product in vesicles |
Mitochondria |
takes sugar and breaks it down, converts to ATP. Muscle cells have lots of mito, important b/c they allow us to move!! |
Lysosome |
DIGESTIVE enzymes and break things into smaller building blocks. white blood cell have huge # of lysosomes, once eaten no longer a virus. |
Permeability |
highly permeable- move through easy, bigger molecule have harder time. (also, ions- the warmer the better) |
PASSIVE Process |
NO ATP (energy) is needed. 1. DIFFUSION- no energy required, NET movement from a region of HIGH concentration to a region of LOW concentration across cell membrane. all atoms/molecules will move IF cell membrane is permeable. (think of breathing- high O2 to low) 2. OSMOSIS- the NET movement of water molecules through membrane from area of HIGH to LOW water concentration. (ex. molasses in tube of water, water will try to move in -high to low) |
Active Processes |
1. Active Transport- LOW concentration to area of HIGH concentration. Opposite of diffusion. ATP IS BEING USED UP!! |
True breeding Plants (P1) |
grow plants generation after generation so that the traits he wanted would show. (Greggor Mendel) |
Cross breeding |
Pollen (sperm) + place on female plant= cross breeding. Gamete= sperm or egg |
Punnett Square |
P1- purple x white flowers= all purple flowers (F1). F2 would always be 3:1 |
Genotype |
genetic makeup (pp, PP) |
Phenotype |
what it LOOKS like- white, purple |