PSYC 4640: CH. 4 NEUROANATOMY
71 Cards in this Set
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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The brain and the spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
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Somatic nervous system
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-Part of the PNS
- Consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles.
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autonomic nervous system
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-Part of the PNS
-Controls the heart, intestines, and other organs
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Dorsal
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Toward the back, away from the ventral
-Top of the brain is dorsal
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Ventral
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Toward the stomach, away fro the dorsal (back) side
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Anterior
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toward the front end
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Posterior
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Toward the rear end
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Toward the rear end
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Above another part
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Inferior
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Below another part
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Lateral
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Toward the side away from the midline
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Medial
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Toward the midline, away from the side
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Proximal
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Located close (approx) to the point of origin or attachment
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Distal
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Located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
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Ipsilateral
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On the same side of the body
(e.g two parts on the left or two on the right)
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Contralateral
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Contralateral
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Coronal plane
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A plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front (or frontal plane)
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Sagittal plane
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A plane that shows brain as seen from the front (or frontal plane)
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Horizontal plane
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A plane that shows brain structures as seen from above (or transverse plane)
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Lamina
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A row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
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Column
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A set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex. All cells within a columb have similar properties
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Tract
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A set of axons within the CNS, also known as projection.
- If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers "project" from A onto B
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Nerve
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A set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or form a sensory organ to the CNS
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Nucleus
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A cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
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Ganglion
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A cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (in the sympathetic nervous system)
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Gyrus
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A protuberance on the surface of the brain
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Sulcus
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A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another
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Fissure
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A long, deep sulcus
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Spinal Cord
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-Part of the CNS
-Communicated with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head.
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Bell-Magendie law
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-The entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information
-The exiting ventral roots carry motor information
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gray matter
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-H-shaped part of the cord
-densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
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white matter
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-Consist mostly of myelinated axons
-This is where neurons of the spinal cord send axons from the gray matter to the brain
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Sympathetic nervous system
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"fight or flight"
-increases heart rate and breathing
-decreases digestive activity
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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-decreases heart rate
-increase digestive system
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Hindbrain
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Posterior part of the brain, consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum
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Medulla
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Controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing, through the cranial nerves
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Cranial nerves
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Control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs.
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Pons
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axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body and vice-versa
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Reticular formation
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-descending & ascending portions
-the descending portions helps control the motor areas of the spinal cord
-The ascending portions sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention in one area or another.
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Raphe system
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sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli
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Cerebellum
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-hindbrain structure
-contributes to the control of movement
- balance and coordination
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midbrain
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middle of the brain
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tectum
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the roof of the midbrain
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Superior colliculus
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Processes vision
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Inferior colliculus
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Processes for hearing.
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tegmentum
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-intermediate level of the midbrain.
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Substantia nigra
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rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement
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Substantia nigra
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-Prominent part of the mammalian brain
-two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right.
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thalamus
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-the center of the forebrain
-receive input from sensory system, such as vision, and transmit information to a single area of the cerebral cortex
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hypothalamus
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-small area in the base of the brain
-damage to it leads abnormalities in feeding, drinking, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level.
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Pituitary Gland
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A (hormone-producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk that contains neuron, blood vessels, and connective tissue.
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Basal glandia
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-critical for learning and remembering how to do something.
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Hippocampus
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-critical for storing certain kinds of memories, especially memories for individual events.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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a clear fluid similar to blood plasma.
- Cushions the brain against mechanical shock when the head moves.
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corpus callosum
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bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres to the cerebral cortex
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Anterior commisure
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bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres
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Laminae
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layer of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers
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There are 4 lobes
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1. Occipital lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Frontal lobe
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Occiptial lobe
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-main target for axons from thalamus that carry sensory info
-VISUAL INFORMATION
-can cause blindness
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Parietal lobe
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lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus.
-Monitors all the information about the eye, head, and body positions.
-not only SPATIAL INFO, but NUMERICAL INFO as well.
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Postcentral gyrus
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receives sensations from touch receptors, muscle-stretch receptors, and joint receptors
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Temporal lobe
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-The primary cortical target for auditory information
-tumor in temporal lobe: wild illusions
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Frontal lobe
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-contains the primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex, extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain
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precentral gyrus
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-specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving one finger at a time
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Binding problem?
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How do the parts work together?
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A device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain.
-researchers can insert an electrode to stimulate, record from, or damage any point in the brain.
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A device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain.
-researchers can insert an electrode to stimulate, record from, or damage any point in the brain.
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CAT scan
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used to observe the structure of the brain
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MRI
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used to study the structure of the brain
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used to study the structure of the brain
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used to study brain activity
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PET
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used to study brain activity
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fMRI
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used to study BOTH structure and activity
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PSYC 4640: EXAM 3 (FINAL)