PSYC 4640: EXAM 3 (FINAL)
66 Cards in this Set
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HM
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- classic case of hippocampal damage
- severe epileptic, he had over ten grand mal seizures a day
- 1953 had his hippocampus (focal point of seizures) and surrounding tissues ( a lot of his amygdala) removed
- intelligence not effected
- moderate retrograde amnesia, profound andrograd…
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Korsakoff Syndrome
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- a kind of brain damage that is caused by a thiamine ( Vitamin B1) deficiency
- almost exclusively found in alcoholics
- implicit memory much better than explicit
- found on chromosome 21
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Plaque
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- build up of Amyloid Beta ( important protein for neuronal dvlpmt)
- clumps that form around dendrites and axons outside of the cell
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Tangles
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- build up of Tau
- Tau builds up inside of cell
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Semantic Dementia
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- specific to people with damage in particular areas of central cortex
- lose memory of book kinds of facts
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Infant Amnesia
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- refers to the fact that most of us don't have our first memory until the ages of 2 or 3
- hypothesized that hippocampus needs a few years to mature in order to remember
- also hypothesized that it is a result of lack of language
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Engram
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- physical representation of remembering
- 2 kinds of memory: classical condition and operative conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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- overtime repeated CS and UCS compared, you see the emergence of a CR
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Operative Conditioning
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- a response is followed by a consequence
- lever- get shocked
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Law of mass action
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- the more of the cortex that us involved in learning something, the better
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Law of equal potentiality
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- all parts of the cortex contribute EQUALLY to learn
- researchers determined that this guy was making the assumption that all memories are physiologically the same
- you can classically condition a rabbit without a cortex
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Short- term memory
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- memories of events that have just occurred
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Long- term memories
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- memories for events from previous times
- tend to be our more vivid, emotional kinds of memories
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3 Differences in STM and LTM
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1.) capacity: short term = 7 (+/- 2 yrs); long term = infinite
2.) need for rehearsal: short term= required; long term= none required
3.) forgetting: short term= it's gone; long term= can be recalled
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Consolidated
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- when something short term becomes long term
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3 Components of Working memory
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3 Components of Working memory
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Chronological Loop
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- stores the sounds, including any words involved in that memory
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Chronological Loop
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- it stores any sight, including written words, that are associated with that memory
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Central Executive
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- directs your brain to the appropriate stimulus to be stored in working memory.
- not the same for everybody
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Implicit memories
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- involves the influence of a recent memory on the behavior without realizing you're using memory
- ex: procedural memories like riding a bike
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Explicit/ Declarative memories
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- a deliberate recall of information that you know is a memory
- 2 types: episodic and semantic
ex: 9/11, birthday
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Episodic memory
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- personal, something that happened to you
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Semantic memories
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- textbook kind of facts
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2 reasons someone forgets something
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1.) memory was never consolidated
2.) memory was consolidated but they can't retrieve it
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2 types of Amnesia
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1.) antegrade- a loss of memories following some event (ex: brain injury)
2.) retrograde
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Dyslexia
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- more common in males
- exists worldwide
- more prevalent in U.S.
- involves a problem converting symbols to sounds
- 4 genes link to dyslexia
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Dyphonetic
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- difficulty that is when people can't convert symbols to sounds
- auditory cortex is less responsive in speech sounds, in some dyslexia
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Dyseidetic
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- sound out parts of word, have difficulty in recognizing sounds as a whole word
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Inattentional Blindness
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- the amount of brain activity; the more activity the more aware you are
- consciousness is important in this
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Consciousness
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- before we are aware of stimulus, the importance of the stimulus matters
- you still register levels of importance, subconsciously
- for first 200 - 250 millesecond brain activity is the same before you acknowledge something there is an increase in activation, not inhibition
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Immunes system
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- role of immune system is to differentiate self from non self (virus, bacteria, etc)
- has two responses: Specificity and Memory
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Antigen
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- anything foreign to body
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Specificity
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- immune response
- example: Bitten by a dog, exposed to rabies, antibodies created to destroy but, if running from a dog and scratch a rusty fence, those antibodies won't fight tetnis
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Memory
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- 1st time you're exposed to something, takes a while to build up antibodies so in future, if exposed again, the body can fight it faster
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T- Cells
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- help check your own cells
- help create new cells included in almost all immune responses
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B- Cells
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- eventually produce antibodies
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Neutrophils
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- a type of white blood cell
- when something is being killed these are what kill them
-if they see an antogen, they kill it
- example: puss is dead neutrophils
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Two kinds of immune responses
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1.Humoral
2. Cell Mediated
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Humoral immune response
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- results in the production of antibodies
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Cell Mediated
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- acts as surveilance of the body
- example: checks to make sure you don't have cancer
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Williams Syndrome
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- chromosome 7 abnormality
- individuals require content care
- good at reading faces
- fusiform gyrus is larger
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Language Acquisition Device
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- we are hardwired to acquire language
- built in mechanism
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Poverty of the Stimulus Argument
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- children produce grammar they haven't heard before
- critical period for learning language is before 12, the earlier the better
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Aphasia
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- the loss in the ability to speech
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Broca's Area
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- important for long, near frontal cortex
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Broca's Aphasia
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- characterized by:
1. telegramic speech (omit words like 'a' and 'or' ex: can't read "to be or not to be"
2. difficulty in language production (can't speak, trouble writing)
3. difficulty with phonetics (sounding out syllables)
4. Better language Comprehension (understand but can't p…
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Wernick's area
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-near auditory part of cerebral cortex
- if damaged: can produce language but can't understand written or verbal language of others
- anomla- difficulty in recalling the name of objects
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Anomla
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- difficulty in recalling the name of objects
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Music
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- when we compose music long areas of brain are active
- individuals prefer music that resembles the tone of their language
- a professional musician will learn a second language easier
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Right Hemisphere
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- originally known as the vice president; doesn't control speech or writing, but it does understand speech and written words
- responsible for emotion of speech, affect (expression and understanding it in someone)
- more important for complex visual patterns (visual imagination)
- magn…
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Magnocellular cells
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-responsible for overall movement and patterns, stronger in right hemisphere
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Left Hemisphere
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- more sequential, analytic, and time dependent
- example: listening to music, played into left ear, must hear better while professional musicians hear from the right ear better
- in most people, controls language
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Planum Temporale
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-responsible for overall movement and patterns, stronger in right hemisphere
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Lateral Fissure
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- larger in left than the right in about 15% of people
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Corpus Collosum
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- takes years to fully develop, seen in 3 and 5 year olds
- left handed individuals have a larger one which helps with memory
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Is language primarily human?
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- some chimps have learned sign language and used symbols
- critics say chimps can only use sign language to ask for reinforcement, but cannot form original sentences
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Pan Paniscus
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- Bonobo Chimp
- Example: a mother taught to use symbols, her two children learned better and they lused symbols to form original sentences
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Aplysia
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- type of worm used for studies for learning
- has a really simple nervous system
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Long- Term Potential
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- the best case for learning at a cellular level
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Long Term Depression
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- thought to be involved in forgetting
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Contralateral Lateralization
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- right hemisphere controlling left side of the body
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Ipsilateral Lateralization
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- same side control
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Communication between hemispheres
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- they communicate constantly
- the primary method is through the Corpus Collosum
- secondary method is anterior and Hippocampal commisores
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Lateralization
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- the division of labor between the two hemispheres
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Damage to Corpus Collosum
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- hinders communication
- a person diagnosed with epilepsy who has severe seizures that go back and forth between hemispheres can have the C.C. severed
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Split Brain Communication
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- when corpus collosum is severed
- people can function well unless information is linked to only one side of the body
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PSYC 4640: EXAM 3 (FINAL)