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GEOL 1610: EXAM 1
Charles Lyell did what? |
He supported and popularized Hutton's idea of Uniformitarianism |
Two methods Geologists tell, describe, or control time |
Absolute and Relative |
"The present is the key to the past" refers to the doctrine of |
Uniformitarianism |
James Hutton did what? |
He was the "daddy" of Uniformitarianism |
What are the two major groups of rock forming minerals? |
Silicates and Non-silicates |
What is Catastrophism? |
George Cuvier's doctrine that Earth was created by God through means of catastrophic events |
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is formed how? |
A covalent bond is formed between one silicon atom and 3 oxygen atoms, forming a pyramid-like structure |
How many elements make up Igneous rocks and what are they? |
8. They are Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium (OSAICSoPM- Only Silly Animals Ignore Cows So Please Moo!) |
The hardest naturally occurring mineral is... |
Diamond |
Moh's Scale is... |
A relative scale of a mineral's hardness. Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond (TGCFAOQTCD- Texas Girls Can Flirt And Other Quaint Things Can Do) |
Characteristics of minerals are... |
Color, streak, luster, cleavage, taste, texture, hardness, reaction to acid, magnetic, striation lines, crystal form |
What mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? |
Quartz |
What are the charges of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons? |
Protons have a positive charge. Neutrons are neutral. Electrons have a negative charge. |
What are types of chemical bonds? |
Ionic (electrons are lost/ taken away), Covalent (electrons are shared), Metallic (sea of electrons, makes metal malleable) |
Ionic (electrons are lost/ taken away), Covalent (electrons are shared), Metallic (sea of electrons, makes metal malleable) |
Silicon and Oxygen |
What is superpositioning and original horizontality? |
Original horizontality refers to the preservation of the distinct layers in sedimentary rock. Superpositioning uses these layer to establish the layers' relative age, the topmost layers being the youngest and the bottommost layer being the oldest. |
Cleavage planes are... |
The flat surfaces or planes of weak chemical bonding between layers of atoms along which crystalline substances break |
HCL |
Hydrochloric acid that reacts with calcite to create bubbling (effervescing) carbon dioxide gas. |
What are the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust? |
Silicon and Oxygen (75%) |
What are Dikes? |
It is a sheet of intrusive or sedimentary rock that formed in a crack of a pre-existing rock body. |
What scratches what according to Moh's scale? |
Each mineral in the scale can scratch what is listed before it. Talc (softest. can be scratched with fingernail), Gypsum (fingernail), Calcite (copper penny), Fluorite, Apatite (steel nail), Orthoclase (potassium feldspar. glass), Quartz, Topaz (streak plate), Corundum, Diamond. |
What are characteristics of basaltic magma and volcanos? |
Basaltic magmas are mafic, have the least amount of silica, least amount of pyroclastic's, a low viscosity, high density, high melting point, have the most lava, and contain the minerals Na-Plag, olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole. |
What are texture of Igneous rock? |
Phaneritic (rock cools slowly and creates large crystals), Aphanitic (rock cools quickly and has no crystals visible to the naked eye), Porphyritic (both small and large crystals due to changing rates), Vesicular (spongy), Pyroclastic (welded rock, typically contains ash) |
Granite, Gabbro, Andesite, Rhyolite |
Granite- below surface of the earth, Phaneritic (slow-cooling), Felsic (light-colored silicates), feldspar, quartz, biotite, na-plagioclase, muscovite.
Gabbro- below the surface of the earth, Phaneritic (slow-cooling), Mafic (dark-colored silicates), iron, magnesium, olivine, biotite, pyrox.
Rhyolite- on the surface of the earth, Aphanitic (rapid-cooling), Felsic (light-colored silicates), feldspar, quartz, biotite, na-plagioclase, muscovite.
Basalt- on the surface of the earth, Aphanitic (rapid-cooling), Mafic (dark-colored silicates), iron, magnesium, biotite, pyrox, olivine. |
Viscosity of volcanic magmas |
Depends on silica content. The more silica, the more viscosity. Felsic- 70%, Intermediate- 60%, Mafic- 50% |
Silica content for Igneous rock |
Felsic rock has the most. Mafic has the least. |
What is intrusive and extrusive |
Intrusive- deep in the earth
extrusive- close to or on surface of the earth |
Plutonic masses |
Bodies of intrusive igneous rock.
Dikes- vertically implanted
Sills- horizontally implanted
Batholiths- more than 40 square miles, no known bottom
Enchanted Rock |
Types of volcanos |
Basaltic and Pyroclastic |
Xenoliths |
Bits and pieces of country rock that are scattered about by pyroclastic volcanos |
Lithification process |
compaction and cementation |