BIOL 2140: ECOLOGY EXAM 2
93 Cards in this Set
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aestivation or estivation
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when ectotherms go into a torpid sleep during summer and lower Metabolic Rate (MR) to conserve energy, water, ect.
only reptiles
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acclimation also acclimatization
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phenotypic plasticity or physical thing that an organism does
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active metabolic rate
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increasing levels in activity
used to measure the cost to do work
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abiotic
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non living chemical and physical factors in the enviornment that affect an ecosystem
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Allen's Rule
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for some species the relative length of appendages increases as we to warmer weather and shorten as we go to colder weather
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allometry or allometric relationships
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also called biological scaling
change in organisms in relation to proportional changes in body size
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altricial
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refers to a patter of growth and development in organisms which are incapable of moving around on their own soon after hatching or being born
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ammonotelic
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an organism that secretes ammonia as an end product of metabolism
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anabolic
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construction of molecules from smaller units
ex. bone and muscle growth
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anhydrobiosis
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a dormant stae involving loss of almost body water
on the brink of dehydration
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anoxia
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no oxygen
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assimilation
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conversion of nutrients into a usable form that is incorporated into the body after digestion
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average daily matabolic rate
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integrates real life energy costs in free ranging animals
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basal metabolic rate
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minimal rate for a:
non growing adult mammal or bird (endotherm)
fasting within thermal neutral zone (no thermoregulatory cost)
resting
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bioantifreeze
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glycerol and glycoproteins in Antartic fisha and invertebrates
reduces freezing point
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biotic
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living organisms in the enviornment
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brown adipose tissue
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tissue in mammals whose main function is to generate body heat
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calorimetry
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measure metabolic heat produced by organisms
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catabolic
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metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
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circadian
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occuring within 24 hours
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conduction
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transfer of heat between substance in contact with one another
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conformers
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animal for which an internal condition conforms witha change in an environmental variable
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convection
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transfer of heat by the movement of fluid
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counter-current exchange
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movement of fluids in opposite directions on either sid of a separating barrier through wich heat or dissolved substances can pass
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diapause
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temporary interruption of development of physical function
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double labeled water
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HTO18
the decrease in T tells you how much O18 was lost as water
total O18 minus O18 lost as water = the amount of O18 lost as CO2
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ectotherms
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uses external heat to maintain body temp
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endergonic
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a non spontaneous reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
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endogenous
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originating within the organism or from causes within the organism
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endotherms
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organism that can maintain it's own body heat
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energy
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capacity to work
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energy equivalence rule
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that populations tend to consume about the same amount of food per unit of area regardless of the size of the individuals
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entropy
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measure of disorder
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eurytolerant
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widely tolerant
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evaporation
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losing water as wator vapor
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exergonic
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spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of energy
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exogenous
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originating outside the organism
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Fick's Law
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diffusion of gases
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First law of thermodynamics
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we can change/convert one from of energy to another
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first order evolutionary relationships
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relationship between a performance and body size
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flux
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Tc or core temperature fluctuates
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genotype-environment interaction
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interaction between the genetic characteristics of an organism and that organism's environment that determines it's phenotype
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heat-shock proteins
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protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress
found in plants, animals, and microorganisms
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heterotherms
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An animal that is endothermic part of the time but can reduce metabolic heat production and lower body temperature when conservation of food energy supplies is necessary
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hibernation
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state of winter dormancy involving lowered body temp and metabolism
only mammals and birds
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homeokinesis
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Achievement of equilibrium in body functions by dynamic processes
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homeostasis
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maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external enviornment
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homeotherms
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maintaining a constant body temp. int he face of a fluctuating enviornmental temp.
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hyperosmotic
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having an osmotic potential greater than that of the surrounding area
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hyperoxia
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higher levels of oxygen
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hyperthermia
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abnormally high body temp
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hyposmotic
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having an osmotic potential less than that of the surrounding medium
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hypothermia
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abnormally low body temp
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hypoxia
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depletion of oxygen
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isometric
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depletion of oxygen
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isosmotic
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equal osmotic pressure
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Kleibers law or the Tree fourth power rule
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the best line of fitness is 0.75
if the mass increase by 1 then perfomance increases by 0.75
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Liebigs law of the minimum
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your only as strong as your weakest link
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Metabolic theory of ecology
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temperature has consistent effects processes important to ecology and evolution
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newton's law of cooling
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rate of change of the temperature is the difference between the initial temp and the ambient temp
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normoxia
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normal oxygen conditions
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osmolarity
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measure of solute concentration
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
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oxidation
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loss of electrons from a substance involved in redox reaction
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phenotypic plasticity
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genetically based capacity of an idividual to respond to the environmental variation by changing its form, function, or behavior
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precocial
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the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching
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precocity
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developing faster than the norm
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Q10
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measure rate of chnge at different temp.
temp. quotient
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Radiation
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energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves
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reaction norm
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relationshop between the phenotype of an individual with a particular genotype and conditions in that individuals environment
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reiprocal transplant studdy
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exchange of individuals of the same species between two different habitats to determice the relative contributions of genotype and environment to the phenotye
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reduction
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addition of electrons to a substance invovled in a redox reaction
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respiration
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use of oxygen to metabolize organic compounds an release chemical energy
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respirometry
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measure volume of O2 consumed or Co2 put out
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second law of thermodynamics
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entropy- you are losing energy at each conversion
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second order evolutionary relationships
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singnificant adaptation from the expected measurement
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standard metabolic rate
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minimal rate for ectotherms
they have to be an adult, fasting, resting, an ectotherm, and under ambient conditions
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stenotolerant
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narrowly tolerant
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STPD
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standard temperature pressure (dry)
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Supercooling
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tissue fluids in some reptiles and invertebrates do not freeze
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thermal neutral zone
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no cost to thermoregulate within TNZ
only mammals and birds have a TNZ
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thermogenesis
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...
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thermoregulation
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maintenance of internal body temp within a tolerable range
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torpor
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voluntary, reversible condition of low body temp and physiological activity
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ureotelic
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organism that secretes uria as an end product of metabolism
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uricotelic
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organism that secretes uric acid as an end product of metabolism
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Van't Hoff Rule
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when the Q10's are between 2 and 4
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Vo2
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volume of oxygen
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How we lose and gain heat
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Lose heat by radiation, conduction, convection, evaportain, and feces+urine
Gain heat by radiation, conduction, and convection
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intraspecific
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same species
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interspecific
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different species
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teleost
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bony fish
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Fick's law equation
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R=DA(p/d)
R-rate it diffuses in or out P-difference in partial pressure
D-how fast it travels in what it's diffusing
d-distance must travel A-surface area
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BIOL 2140: ECOLOGY TEST 1