SOCY 1001: EXAM 1
72 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Durkheim
|
Social solidarity
Correlation to suicide (altruistic vs egotistic and anomic) and religion
|
|
Tocqueville
|
Emphasized autonomy
" you can be whatever you want to be" mentality
Not necessarily true
|
|
social solidarity
|
degree to which group members share beliefs and values and the intensity and frequency of their interaction
|
|
altruistic suicide
|
occurs when norms tightly govern behavior and there is a high level of social solidarity, so individual actions are often in the group interest
ex: soldiers knowingly give life to protect unit
|
|
egoistic suicide
|
results from a lack of integration of the individual into society because of weak social ties to others
ex: higher among people who lack friends/spouse
|
|
anomic suicide
|
occurs when norms governing behavior are vaguely defined
ex: higher rates in societies lacking widely shared code of morality
|
|
sociology
|
way of thinking and a way of seeing things
|
|
survey
|
asks people questions about their knowledge (close ended or open ended questions)
|
|
sampling
|
part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis
population: group which researcher wishes to generalize
|
|
probability sample
|
sample in which units have a known and non zero chance of being selected
|
|
survey strengths
|
-info on large number of individuals
-relatively inexpensive
- allows for various types of research designs
-strong generalizability
|
|
survey weaknesses
|
- people may lie/ misremember
- tell research what they think is "appropriate"
-questionable validity
|
|
sociological imagination
|
relationship between our personal life events and larger society in which we live
|
|
macrolevel theories
|
-structural functionalism
-conflict theory
-feminist theory
|
|
microlevel theories
|
-symbolic interaction
-rational choice theory
|
|
structural functionalism
|
society is like an organism; every part of society is necessary, even if it seems disruptive
- manifest functions: "i meant to do that" (ex: prison)
- latent functions: "i didnt see that coming (criminalization of a sex/race)
- behavior shaped by social structure
|
|
conflict theory
|
there are haves and have nots
- haves= bourgeoisie (greedy, rich, power..)
- have nots= prletariat (trying to get power, wealth..)
- marx
- suggest eliminating privilege will lower conflict
|
|
feminist theory
|
-patriarchy= sad
-comes from conflict theory (guys= power)
-life sucks for women
male domination, female subordination
|
|
symbolic interaction
|
-everything about you is a symbol (clothes, speech, hair..)
- everything has meaning attached
- no you without others
- people attach meaning
|
|
rational choice theory
|
you are a rational person and your decisions are based on cost/ benefit analysis
- YOUR choice (others might not understand)
-weigh pros/cons,
-done in context
|
|
participant observation
|
type of field research that involves carefully observing peoples face to face interactions and actually participating in their lives over a long period of time, thus achieving a deep and sympathetic understanding of what motivates them to think
ex: researchers do it with drug dealers
|
|
Hawthorne effect
|
tendency of people being observed by a researcher to react to the presence of the the researcher by concealing certain things or acting artificially to impress the researcher (reactivity)
|
|
strengths of field research
|
-much deeper info
-observe natural setting
|
|
weakness of field research
|
-researcher presence can bias participants behavior
-going native (researcher no longer able to see objectively)
-time consuming
|
|
social structures
|
stable patterns of social relations
ex: trust if you put $ in the back you can get it back because it is a stable structure
|
|
larger forces impact choices
|
people like college football because TV/cable/bowl games
|
|
sociological imagination and free will
|
-individuals make decisions
-our choices are determined by the context in which we live!!!
|
|
microstructure
|
patterns of intimate social relations
-dating, college classes, family
-microsociology
|
|
macrostructure
|
social relations outside your circle of intimate acquaintances
-religion
|
|
qualitative
|
participant and non participant observation
- interviews
-experiments
- inductive
|
|
quantitative
|
surveys
-secondary data (graduation rates)
|
|
empirical
|
can prove with facts
|
|
culture
|
the sum of practices, languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects that people create to deal with real life problems or issues
|
|
abstraction
|
create ideas or ways of thinking that are not linked to particular instances
|
|
cooperation
|
establishing generally accepted ways of doing things
|
|
production
|
making and using tools and techniques that improve our ability to take what we want from nature
|
|
material culture
|
any physical object to which we give meaning
|
|
non material culture
|
ideas for how to use things
|
|
symbols
|
anything that carries a particular meaning, including the components of language and signs
|
|
language
|
a system of symbols strung together to communicate thought
-allows culture to develop
|
|
norms
|
generally accepted way of doing things
|
|
values
|
ideas about whats right and whats wrong, good and bad, ugly and beautiful
|
|
folkways
|
least important norms
|
|
mores
|
norms most people believe are essential for the survival of their society
|
|
taboos
|
among the strongest norms (murder)
|
|
sanctions
|
rewards and punishments intended to ensure conformity to cultural guidelines
|
|
social control
|
sum of sanctions in society by means of which conformity to cultural guidelines is ensured
|
|
ethnocentrism
|
we think our norms and values are better than others
- tendency to judge other cultures exclusively by the standards of ones own
|
|
rationality
|
according to weber: application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals
- the unintended, negative consequences of doings.
- weber thinks one of the most constraining aspects of contemporary culture
|
|
consumerism
|
the tendency to define oneself in terms of the goods purchased
-excessive consumption: puts limits on who we can become, degrades the natural environment
|
|
subculture
|
a particular social world that has a distinctive way of life, including its own set of values and norms, practices and beliefs, but that exists harmoniously within the larger mainstream culture. (can be based on ethnicity, age, interests, or anything that draws individuals together) (goth…
|
|
counterculture
|
differs from a subculture in that its norms and values are often incompatible with/ or in direct opposition to mainstream culture. (polygamy, black panther party..)
(woodstock was thought of at time)
|
|
multiculturalism
|
highlights the achievements of nonwhites, noneuro, and other historically less privileged groups in american society
|
|
heteronormative
|
christian normative culture
|
|
agents of socialization
|
families, schools, peer groups, mass media
|
|
gender roles
|
widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act
|
|
anticipatory socialization
|
involves beginning to take on the norms and behaviors of a role to which one aspires but does not yet occupy
-ex: teenage drinking
|
|
resocialization
|
occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in ones values, roles, and self conception.
|
|
total institutions
|
settings where people are isolated and under the control and supervision of a specialized staff
|
|
initiation rite
|
signifies transition from one group to another and ensures loyalty to the new group
stages:
1. seperation from old status and identity (ritual rejection)
2. degradation, disorientation, stress (ritual death)
3. acceptance of the new group cultures and status (ritual rebirth)
|
|
social groups
|
composed of one or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms, roles, and statuses
|
|
social category
|
composed of people who share a similar status but do not identify with one another
|
|
beauracracy
|
large, impersonal organization composed of clearly defined positions arranged in heirarchy
|
|
factors of conformity
|
1. likelihood of conformity increases as group size increases to 3 or 4 members
2. appearance of unanimity
3. group cohesiveness
4. people with low status in a group are less likely to dissent
5. culture
|
|
Sigmund Freud
|
First theorized the social self
Id (pleasure seeker), Superego (social conscience), Ego (balancer)
|
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
LOOKING GLASS SELF
We perceive ourself by our understanding of what others think of us.
|
|
George Herbert Mead
|
Children's 4 STAGES OF ROLE TAKING:
imitating important people in their lives
pretending to be other people
around 7, play games with assigned roles
begin to take on the role of the GENERALIZED OTHER
|
|
Erving Goffman
|
DRAMATURGY
idea that we are performers on the stage of life
Back stage vs front stage
Doesn't mean we are faking it
|
|
How social groups shape our actions
|
norms of solidarity demand conformity
structures of authority tend to render people obedient
bureaucracies are highly effective structures of authority
|
|
Fathers of "the Social Self"
|
Sigmund Freud
Charles Horton Cooley
George Herbert Mead
Erving Goffman
|
|
Views on Multiculturalism
|
Supporters: colleges should reflect the nations diversity
critics: multiculturalism undermines national unity
|
|
Max Weber
|
Suggested cultural ideologies of the USA
INDIVIDUALISM
RATIONALITY
CONSUMERISM
|
SOCY 1001: EXAM 1