SOCY 1001: EXAM 2
89 Cards in this Set
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deviance
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someone breaks a norm and people react negatively
-relative
- socially constructed
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crime
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breaks a law, enforced by government
-also socially constructed
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sanctions
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disapprovals of deviance
-informal/formal punishment
-stigmtization
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conflict crimes
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deviant acts defined by the state as illegal
-controversial in wider society
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consensus crimes
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deviant acts in which there is a widely shared agreement that it breaks legal or moral code
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which sex is arrested more?
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men- 76.8%
women- 23.3%
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ages with the most arrest?
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15-19
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motivational theories
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identify social factors that drive people to commit deviance and crime
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constraint theories
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identify social factors that encourage conformity
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conflict theories
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those in power create criminals in order to control threatening population
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strain theory (motivational)
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people experience strain because society values material success
- some people adapt by committing crimes
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differential association theory (motivational)
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a person learns to favor some values over others as a result of life experiences or socialization
- everyone exposed to deviance
- those exposed to more, likely to do more
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control theory (constraint)
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social controls encourage conformity, restrain deviant urges that we all have.
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rational choice theory (constraint)
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people are rational actors who weigh pros and cons of their behavior
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conflict theory
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the powerful impose deviant and criminal labels on less powerful members of society
-rich can also get out of their own deviance
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labeling theory (conflict theory)
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labeling someone deviant reflects power relations and can be a self fulfilling prophecy
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deviance according to Durkheim
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deviance allows people to define what is moral and what is not
-react to deviance allows us to draw line between right and wrong
-promotes unity of society and healthy social change
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violent crime rates
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highest in early 90's
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why have crime rates been falling?
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- incarceration
-changing drug markets
-policing strategies
-economic factors
interesting factors:
-abortion and immigration
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goals of incarceration
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-deterrence:dont commit crimes cause dont wanna go to jail
-revenge:no freedom= retribution
incapacitation- keep criminals off streets
rehabilitation- make people healthy
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incarceration rates
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rose in 70's, doubled in 80's, doubled again in 90's
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social stratification
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society organized in layers
- groups in each layer experience same socio-economic conditions
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richest people in public schools
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only 3 of the richest 25 in america
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vertical social mobility
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movement up or down the stratification system
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global inequality
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difference in economic ranking of countries
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crossnational variation in internal stratification
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difference between countries in their stratification systems
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foraging societies
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societies in which people live by hunting animals and searching for plants
-inequality, division of labor, and productivity levels low in these societies
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horticultural and pastoral societies
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innovations allowed people to produce a surplus of what what they needed
-small number of villagers controlled surplus and stratification emerged
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agricultural societies
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plow agriculture= increasing production and surpluses
-religious beliefs justifying steeper inequality
-large landowners= "lords"
- born peasant= stay a peasant & kids
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industrial societies
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machines and fuel increase supply of foods and finished goods.
-225 years ago in GB
- social inequality substantial during being of industrialization
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postindustrial societies
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most workers employed in the service sector
-comps spur increases in division of labor and productivity
- US= first postindustrial
- gender inequality reduced
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ascription- based stratification
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the allocation of rank depends on the characteristics a person is born with.
-slavery, caste system, estate/feudal systems
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achievement based stratification
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allocation of rank depends on a persons accomplishments
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Marx: stratification
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persons class determined by his or her income
-bourgeoisie/proletariats
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Weber: stratification
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-large property owners
-small property owners
-no property but educated and well paid employees
-propertyless manual laborers
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functionalism: Davis- Moore thesis
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-some jobs more important than others
-people have to make sacrifices to train for important jobs
-inequality is required to motivate people to train for important jobs
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criticisms of functionalism
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inequality encourages the discovery of talent only for those who can afford to take advantage of opportunities
-once high class, can use power to maintain position and promote children regardless of talent
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class consciousness
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being aware of membership in a class and being able to identify the interest of that class
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false consciousness
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misunderstanding of social relations, individuals in the subordinate class support the interests of those who dominate them
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why is class consciousness minimized in the US?
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ideology of individualism
-focus on achievement based stratification
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conspicuous consumption
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lavish spending on goods and services for the purpose of displaying wealth
-serves means of maintaining status
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how does public policy influence class structure?
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-taxation
-government spending
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poverty rate
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percentage of people living below the poverty line
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fluctuations in poverty rates
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related to political events
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sex vs. gender
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sex= male or female
gender= masculine or feminine
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essentialist theory of gender
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frued- difference in anatomy accounts for development of masculine or feminine gender roles
-gender differences reflect naturally evolved dispositions
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criticisms of essentialism
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1. ignore historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality
2. generalize from the average, ignoring variations within gender groups
3. no evidence supports major claim
4. explanation for gender differences ignore role of power
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social constructionism
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gender differences reflect the different social positions occupied by women and men and norms about their behavior
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gender ideology and socialization
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a set of ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behavior
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gender discrimination
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rewarding women and men differently at the same job
-glass ceilings
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quid pro quo sexual harassment
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sexual threats or bribery are made a condition of employment decisions
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hostile environment sexual harassment
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sexual jokes, comments, or touching that interferes with work or creates unfriendly work setting
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women's movement: first wave
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1840's: made a number of demands, including right to vote
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women's movement: second wave
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1960's: advocated equal rights with men in education and employment, elimination of sexual violence, and women's control over reproduction
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race
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physical differences: skin color.
-racial differences are socially constructed
- different pigmentation and physical features
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ethnic group
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people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant
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prejudice
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attitude that judges people according to their groups real or imagined characteristics
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discrimination
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unfair treatment of people because of their group membership
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scapegoat
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disadvantaged person or category of people whom others blame for their own problems
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minority group
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group of people who are socially disadvantaged even though they might not be numeral minority
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racism
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belief that visible characteristic of a group indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination
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institutional racism
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bias that is inherent in social institutions that is often not noticed or necessarily intended by members of the majority group
- public school funding,racial profiling
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1830 indian removal act
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called for relocation of all native americans west of the mississippi
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trail of tears
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US army rounded up all cherokees and marched them to oklahoma
- 4,000 died
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slavery
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the ownership and control of a person
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ethnic enclave
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immigrants settle in one place and don't assimilate
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ecological theory of racism
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1. invasion: one group moves into territory of another
2. resistance: group tried to defend its territory
3. competition: for scare resources
4. accommodation: understanding of what to segregated, share, and divide
5. assimilation: minority disappears as group
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internal colonialism
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one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country
- prevents assimilation bu segregating subordinate group (jobs, house..)
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chinese exclusion
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congress passed act in 1882 prohibiting 3 classes of people into US for 10 years: lunatics, idiots, and chinese
- not repealed until 1943: total of 105 chinese immigrants per year
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asian migration
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building of the transcontinental railroad; industrialist wanted chinese to come work as cheap labor
- laos, cambodia, and vietnam all communist-immigrants treated as political refugees
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split labor markets
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low wage workers of one race and high wage workers of another race compete for jobs
-poultry article
-high wage workers resent low wage competitors, resulting in conflict and racist attitudes
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who is more assimilated today?
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chinese more assimilated than black or native american
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symbolic ethnicity
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- even though I'm not actually from ireland nor have I ever been discriminated against cause of it, I go harder on St. Patty's day.
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reforms that would promote equality
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- affirmative action programs
- job training
- better public educations
- subsidized childcare and healthcare
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nuclear family
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cohabiting man and women who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child (usually more, 2)
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traditional nuclear family
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nuclear family in which the wife works in the home with no pay while the husband works outside the home for money
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marriage/nuclear family from functionalist perspective
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1. sexual regulation
2. economic cooperation/ specialization
3. reproduction
4. emotional support
5. socialization`
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marriage/ nuclear family from conflict/feminist perspective
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-man wanted to pass wealth to children (sons), needed to control his wife sexually and economically
-economic control: only recent change
-sexual control: not until 93 that it became illegal for a husband to rape his wife
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why is the family changing?
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-women's control over reproduction
- women in higher education and paid labor force
- no- fault divorce and gender equitable divorce laws
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mate selection: social influences
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-marriage resources: $, status, knowledge, values
3rd party: families, neighborhoods, religious
demographic factors: size and sex ratio of group you belong to
- marry for love, but demographic characteristics of our spouse is predictable
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distress among children of divorce
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1. high level of parental conflict
2. decline in living standards
3. absence of a parent
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manifest functions of school
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1. train and socialize students
2. create social cohesion
3. transmit culture from generation to generation
4. sort students, presumably by merit
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meritocracy
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equal opportunity of students allows them to rise and fall to a position that matches their talent and effort
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latent functions of schools
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-create a youth culture and marriage market
-create custodial and surveillance system for youth
- maintain wage levels by keeping students out of the job market
- occasionally becoming a school of dissent that opposes authority
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education and economic inequality from conflict perspective
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- schools distribute benefit of education unequally
-schools are very different qualities
- families with varying access to resources for the support of the child
-educational inequality reinforces stratification
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standardized tests
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schools use tracking to sort students into high ability, low ability based on the results of their IQ and other tests
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cultural capital
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widely shared, high status cultural signals used for social and cultural exclusion (attitudes, formal knowledge, goals, behaviors, preferences..)
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advocates of affirmative action
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-compensates for historical injustices
-helps create level playing field for all races
-encourages diversity on college campuses
-creates a middle class leadership group in minority communities
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opponents to affirmative action
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- we shouldn't have to pay for wrongs committed centuries ago
-colleges apply affirmative action criteria to rich and poor members of selected minority groups
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SOCY 1001: EXAM 1