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Biology 1361: Exam 1 Vocabulary
adaptation |
inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its reproduction and survival in a specific environment |
alimentary canal |
a complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running from a mouth to anus |
alveoli |
dead-end air sacs where gas exchange occurs in a mammalian lung |
amylase |
an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch (a glucose polymer made from plants) and glycogen (a glucose polymer from animals) |
cholecystokinin (CCK) |
digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). |
co-transport- |
a process in which two substances are simultaneously transported across a membrane by one protein, or protein complex which does not have ATPase activity. |
controlled variable |
what is held constant to be compared to in an experiment |
cooperativity- |
phenomenon displayed by enzymes or
receptors that have multiple binding sites. Binding of one ligand alters the affinity of the other site. |
deductive reasoning- |
type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise |
diffusion- |
the random thermal motion of particles of liquid, gases, or solids. In the presence of a concentration or electrochemical gradient, diffusion results in the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated |
digestion |
the second stage of food processing in animals; the breaking down of food into molecules the body can absorb |
duodenum |
the first section of the small intestine, where chime from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder as well as from the gland cells of the intestinal walls |
emergent property |
new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases |
epithelium |
an epithelial tissue (sheets of lightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces) |
facilitated diffusion- |
the passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure |
gastrin |
any of a group of digestive hormones secreted by the wall of the pyloric end of the stomach (the area where the stomach joins the small intestine) of mammals. gastrin is released into the bloodstream when food enters the stomach and is carried by the circulatory system to the gastric cells in the stomach wall, where it triggers the secretion of gastric juice. |
gastrovascular cavity |
a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients. |
helicobacter pylori |
causes gastric ulcers; chronic infections of stomach lining; mucus makes resistant to stomach lining
|
Hemocyanin |
copper-containing protein in crustaceans |
Hemoglobin |
an iron-containing protein in RBC that reversibly binds oxygen |
Hydrolysis |
a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water, functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
Ileum |
the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum |
inductive reasoning- |
a type of reasoning in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations |
ingestion |
the first stage of food processing in animals; the act of eating |
integral/transmembrane protein |
a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein) |
jejunum |
Part of the small intestine. It is half-way down the small intestine between its duodenum and ileum sections. |
lipid |
many of a group large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water |
microvilli |
finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increases its surface area |
osmosis |
the diffusion of free water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane |
pepsin |
an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins. Pepsin is synthesized as an inactive precursor from pepsinogen |
peristalsis |
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal |
phagocytosis |
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) |
pinocytosis |
a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes |
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
the movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances |
respiratory pigment |
a protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph |
saturated fatty acid |
a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
secretin |
a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas. |
selective permeability |
a property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them |
tight junction |
a type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells |
tracheal system |
in insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells |
unsaturated fatty acid |
a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton |
villi |
fingerlike projections of the inner surface of the small intestine |