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PSYC 4456: FINAL EXAM
Alternative Use Test
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Come up with as many uses for an Item.
Scored on: Originality, flexibility, Fluency, and Elaboration
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Effective Brain Storming
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Bring as many items to session because fewer and fewer ideas are produced with time
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Divergent Thinking and the Big 5
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Calm Setting: Divergent thinking is related to E and O
Stressful setting: Divergent thinking is related to E and O, and negatively related to N
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DSM5 Revision Principles
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Clinical Utility
Revisions based on research
Clarify boundaries between mental disorders
Consider "cross-cuttting symptoms
Clarify the boundaries between mental disorder and normal psychological functioning
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DSM5 Controversies
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To many ties to Pharmaceutical Industry
Dimensional Models
Addictions: cannabis withdrawal and Behavioral addictions
Removal of gender identify disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
General loosening of Diagnostic criteria
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DSM4 Issues
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Not current with latest science
Problematic disorder boundaries
Comorbidites
Some disorder have especially poor research literature and justification
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Personality Disorder Prototypes
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Assess the degree to which a persons symptoms match a disorder prototype
Acknowledge the complexity of diagnosis, the overlap of categories and the heterogeneity with in categories
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Personality Disorders and the Big 5
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Neuroticism is high in most Personality Disorders
Schizoid only relates to low Extraversion and low Openness
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Dimensional Models of Personality Disorders
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Goal: Identify a set of dimensions that can describe the entire range of personality, normal and abnormal
Difficulties: Hard diagnoses, high comorbidity, and diagnoses can be unstable
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Personality Disorder defined
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Persistant patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviors beyond the normal range of psychological variation and impairs a person's educational, occupational, and interpersonal functioning
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Characteristics of Personality Disorders
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Begin at an early age
Stable over time
Pervasive
Inflexible
Interpersonal
Ego-syntonic: Symptoms are seen as normal to the person, and think others are the ones with problems
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Cluster A of PD
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Odd and eccentric patterns of thinking
Schizotypal
Schizoid
Paranoid
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Cluster B of PD
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Impulsive and erratic patterns of behavior
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Anti-Social
Borderline
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Cluster C of PD
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Anxious and Avoidant emotional styles
Dependent
Avoidant
Obsesive-Compulsive
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Motivation
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Drives people into action directed toward satisfaction of needs and desires
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Nomothetic Goals
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Goals common across all people
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McClelland's 3 Primary Motivations
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Need for affiliation
Need for power
Need for achievement
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Intrinsic motivation and the Big 5
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Intrinsic motivation is positively correlated to openness and Conscientiousness
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Motivation is where in the system set
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In the Energy Lattice
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Happiness and Money
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Someone who gains money when they don't have any is happier than someone who gains money that started with money
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Emotion Defined
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A set of mental and physical procedures know as Embodied Cognitions
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Emotions and the Big 5 correlations
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Extraversion is positively related to positive emotions
Neuroticism is positively related to negative emotions
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Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale
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Used to measure; Joy, Pride, Contentment, Love, Compassion, Amusement, and Awe
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Emotional Intelligence
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Accuracy in perceiving emotions of oneself and others
Controlling and regulating one's own emotions
Related with emotional expressiveness, quality of personal relationship and level of optimism
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Power Posing
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Standing in a power position makes your body produce more testosterone and less cortisol
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Benign Violation Theory
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Things are only funny is a situation...
Appraised as a violation
Appraised as benign
and those appraisals occure
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Humor Styles
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Affiliative
Self-Enhancing
Aggressive
Self-Defeating
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Affiliative Humor
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Non-hostile and intended to amuse others
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Self-Enhancing Humor
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Amusements in lies hardships and in congruencies, maintaining a humorous outlook on adversity
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Aggressive Humor
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Humor that entails sarcasm and put-down
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Self-Defeating Humor
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Humor at one's own expense to gain approval
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Correlates of Humor and the Big 5
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Affiliative: + to E and O
Self-Enhancing: + to E, O, and A, - to N
Aggressive: - to N, + to A and C
Self-Defeating: + to N, - to A and C
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Violations of the Benign Violation Theory
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Threats to physical well being
Threats to psychological well being
Behaviors that break: social norm, cultural norms...
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Benign of the Benign Violation Theory
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Psychological Distance: Humor is tragedy plus time
Alternative explanations: play fighting and puns
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Object Relations Theory
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We relate to other via the images we have of them in out minds
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4 Principles of Object Relation Theory
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Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration or pleasure and pain
The mix of love and hate
Distinction between the love object and the whole person
The psyche is aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings
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Psychic Determinism
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Free will and random accidents do not exist, and contradictions of thoughts and behaviors can be resolved----> leads to the idea of the unconscious
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Why Study Freud???
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He focused on ideas underemphasized elsewhere
Influenced modern conceptions of the mind
Influenced on the practice of psychotherapy
First full therapy of personality
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Construals
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A persons particular experience and interpretation of the world
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Self-Actualization
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People have one basic tendency: to actualize, maintain and enhance their own experience
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Self-Transendence
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Desire to go beyond the ordinary level of consciousness and experience oneness with the greater whole
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Role Construct Repertory Test
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Identify three important people and how two of them are similar and different from the third.
Do this for ideas, traits...etc.
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Personal Constructs
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Personality is not based on traits but on personal Construals
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Maximizers |
"Get as much as one possibly can"
Are prone to perfectionism, depression, and regret but achieve more conventional success
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Satisficers |
"Good Enough"
Are happier, more optimistic, and have higher life satisfaction, but lower earnings
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Existentialism |
"What is the meaning of life"
Purpose is to regain contact with the experience of being alive and aware
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Thrown-ness
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The time, place and circumstances you happened to be born into
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Angst
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The unpleasant feeling caused by questioning the meaning of life and how one should spend one's time
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Existentialism's Moral Imperative
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Face throw-ness and angst directly and seek purpose for existence in spite of these
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Bad Faith
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Ignoring the existential questions and ignoring our moral imperative
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Authentic Existence
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Coming to terms with existence, being honest, insightful, and morally correct
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Flow |
Tremendous concentration, total lack of distractibility, and thoughts only concerning the activity at hand
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Plomin and Buss' Temperaments
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Emotionality and Impassiveness
Sociability and Detachment
Activity and Lethargy
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Rothbart's Temperament
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Approach/Surgency
Avoidance/Negative Affect
Effortful Control
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Berkley Puppet Interview Goal
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Promote a fluid an unselfconscious dialogue between a child and the puppets
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Berkley Puppet Interview Results
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Found evidence for the Big 5 in children
Some stability but lots of changes in A, O, and C.
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Intraindividual Differences
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How each individual changes over time
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Ipsative Differences
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How the salience of attributes changes with individuals over time
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Mean level Consistency
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Looks at whether groups of people increase or decrease on trait dimensions over time
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Rank order Consistency
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relative placement of individuals within a group. Do groups of people retain ordering on trait dimensions over time?
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Big 5 in Children
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Children have shown all big 5 traits
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Implicit Association Test (Theory)
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Theory: People who implicitly or nonconsiously, know they have a certain trait will respond faster when that trait is paired with "me"
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Object Tests
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Personality tests that consists of a list of questions to be answered by the subject as true or false or on a numeric scale
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Integrity tests
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Different for honest vs. dishonest people
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Accuracy of Personality Judgements
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High consensus of Facial Judgements for Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and openness
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Cues for accurate Personality Judgement and the Big 5
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Extraversion: Smiling, Firm handshake, Fashionable dress, loud voice,
Conscientiousness: Neatness and formality of dress, slow body movements
Openness: Smiling
Neuroticism: Slow body movement, fixing hair and clothes
Agreeableness: smiling
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