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PSYC 4456: EXAM 1
(H*O*L*A)=B/S
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(HOLA)=behavior/situation
H- heredity
O- physiology
L- experience (learning and memory)
A- emotional arousal
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behavior |
= person x situation
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advantages to case studies
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does the topic justice
source of ideas
the method is necessary
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classical test theory
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data = model + error
obtained score = true score + error
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construct validity
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conceptual accuracy
convergent validity
discriminate validity
the extent to which a selection tool measures a theoretical construct or trait
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correlational research
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tecnique based on the natural occuring relationship between two or more variables.
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criterion validity
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"standard of comparison"
prediction
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criterion-report
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ability
"If 4 people begin work at 9am, what time would they complete a 16 hour job?"
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data from the inside of the person
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physiological
HR, BP, SC, Startle Response, Reflex
Neurological
EEG/ERP/fMRI/CT/MEG/Diffusion Tensor
Personal-report
process report
criterion-report
thematic report
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Data from outside the person
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external life data
observer data
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external life data
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size of social circle
demographic data
situational data
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observer data
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judgements of friends, family, strangers
congruent to self-report data
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P=B/S
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behavior is divided by situation
generally consistent over time and situations
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personality |
helps describe how each indivdual is:
-like all other people
-like some other people
-like no other people
-thinking and bahaving
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personal-report
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self-judgements/self-report
self-concept
"most people think of me as shy."
measures aspects of your self concept
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physiological
measures
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heart rate, blood pressure, startle response, reflex
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neurological measures
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EEG/ERP, fMRI/CT/MEG/Diffusion sensor
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process report
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ongoing mental process
"are you trying to avoid how you feel right now?"
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questions personality psychology seeks to answer
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Who am i?
how and why are people different?
what is my future?
why do we behave the way we do?
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reliability
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test consistency
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self judgments/self report
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self concept
"most people think of me as shy"
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Structural Validity
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The number of things
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systems framework for personality
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1. the definition of personality
2. the parts of personality
3. the organization of personality
4.the development of personality
5. the measurement and perception of personality
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temerament
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how you geel and how you strive for goals and motications
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thematic report
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interpreting ambiguous data
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binomial effect size display
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communication of effect size, based on correlation coefficient as a measure of effect size, only meaningful for binary outcomes
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cognitive affective personality system
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assembly line process to asses behavior
-encodings
-expectancies and beliefs
-affects
-goals and values
-competencies and self regulartoy plans
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dynamic traits
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tendencies toward certain classes of needs and goals
need: achievement, affiliations, automony, change
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full personality structures
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psychodynamic (id, ego, superego)
trilogy of mind
quaternity of mind
systems set
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idiographic
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INDIVIDUAL
unique traits
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traits (intrapsychic perspective)
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basic building block of personality
social and/or genetic influences
main questions:
how do people differ from one another?
what are the central units of personality?
focuses on internal psychological state
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nomothetic
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trait
-everyone is on every continuum
-every individual has the trait in different amounts
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partial personality structures
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super traits
big two
big three
big 5
16pf
myers briggs- fails empirical basis, fails comprehensivness
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what makes for a good personality structure
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-appropriateness of set size
-adequate empirical basis
-distinctiveness
-comprehensivness
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Personality Types
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Discrete categories based on global personality characteristics.
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quaternity of mind
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trilogy of mind
plus consciousness
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Self-monitoring
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scrutiny one one's own behavior, motivation, to act appropriately rather than honestly. Ability to mask true feelings.
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supertraits
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conglomerate of smaller traits
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systems set
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internal to the person divided into 4 sections
FULL personality structure
-how they interact, ability to decode
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traits |
persistent styles of feeling, thinkng, responding to situations
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Starting From a theory
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spikes and goo
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lexical criterion
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any trait that matters has words that describe it
factor analysis of language
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Exploratory Factor Analysis
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A method of factor analysis in which researchers do not propose a formal hypothesis, but instead use the procedure to broadly identify underlying components
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factor loadings
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indexes of how much of the variation in an item is "explained" by a factor
indicate the degree to which the item correlates with, or "loads on", the underlying factor
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16 pf
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16 factors and 5 subfactors
start from the world
Cattell
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higher order factors of the 16pf
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extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, independence, self-control
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Eysenck
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constitutional theory of personality.
There are 2 source traits:
- introversion- extroversion
- neuroticism - stability
start form a theory
based on neurobiology
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Exploratory Factor Analysis
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A method of factor analysis in which researchers do not propose a formal hypothesis, but instead use the procedure to broadly identify underlying components
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the big three
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the big two PLUS psychoticism- psychological detachment from and lack of concern for others.
Problem with big 3-
-too parsimonious
-psychoticisim is ill defined
-biological foundations are somewhat misguided
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Big Five
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
(OCEAN)
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facets
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different aspects of factors
EX: domain (agreeableness)- aspect (compassion)- facet(empathy)
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HEXACO model
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Alternative model to the big five trait model. This has a sixth dimension, honesty/humility.
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California Q-Set
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100 traits
place traits either as highly characteristic or highly uncharacteristic
it forces the judge to compare all of the items directly against each other within on individual rather than making a relative comparison across indivduals
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Universality of the Big Five
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Four or five of the factors appear when translated into other languages
Some overlap with other languages
Scores vary by geographic region / culture
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OCEAN |
Openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
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Openness to experience
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AKA culture, inellect
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conscientiousness
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aka dependability
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extraversion
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aka surgency
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agreeableness
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aka a combination of friendliness and compliance
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neuroticism
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aka emotional stability
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TDA |
trait descriptive adjectives
Pure lexical approach
9 point rating scale
Goldberg
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BFI/FFI
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Five Factor Invenory
-brief measure
-44 items and short phrases
Loses in validity, but gains people doing it quickly (easy to use)
5 point scale
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NEO-PI
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240 items (5 facotrs, 6 facets)
long test
5 point scale
McCrae and Costa
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Circumplex models
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attempt to define full range of personality using 2 factors
Main idea: personality is interpersonal (how you relate to other people)
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stability
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metatrait
shared variance of A, N, C (agree, conscientiousness, neuroticism)
relates to the need to maintain a stable organization of behavioral and physiological function
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plasticity
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meta trait
shared varicane of E and O (extraversion, openness)
relates to an indivduals basic need to incorporate novel information from the environment
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amygdala
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threat perception
fear
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Bis/Bas
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2 factor system to explain motivation, personality and behavior
Bis- behavioral inhibition system
-reduce punishment
Bas- behavioral activation system
-increase reward
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calculating heritabilities
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H=(rMZ-rDZ) x 2
MZ=.60 DZ=.40
difference is .20, multiply x2=.40
H=.40
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Colorado Adoption Project
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started in 1976
control sample of non-adopted children
kids assessed yearly from 1-16, then 17, 21, & 30
numerous studies in intelligence, temperament, personality, substance use, life transitions, and adult development
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dark triad
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related to preferring short term outcomes
Narcissim, psychopathy, machiavellianism
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psychopathy
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lack of emotions and guilt
manipulative
shallowness, superficial charm
impulsivity
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machiavellianism
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emotionally cool and detached
more likely to manipulate and deceive others
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dopamine
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emotionally cool and detached
more likely to manipulate and deceive others
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endorphins
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extraversion
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heritability |
the proportion of observed variation in a particular train (like height) that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones
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left DLPFC
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agreeableness
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left PFC
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openness
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medial OFC
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extraversion
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nucleus accumbens
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extraversion
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Plomin and Buss Temperament Model
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1.emotionality-impassiveness
2.sociability detachment
3. activity lethargy
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posterior cingulate cortex
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agreeableness
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posterior medial PFC
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openness
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right and left frontal lobes
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neuroticism
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Rothbart Temperament Model
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1.approach (reward seeking)
2.avoidance (threat/harm/risk avoidance)
3.effortful control (persistence of attention)
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serotonin
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learning, mood, sleep
regulating internal stimuli
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sociosexuality
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the willingness of someone to engage in sexual activity without having emotional ties to the sexual partner
men typically score higher than women
unrestricted - score higher, physical appearance more important
restricted - score lower, values and ability to be good parents more important
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stability
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function of serotonin
positively related with: agreeableness, conscientiousness
negatively correlated with: neuroticism
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superior temporal sulcus
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agreeableness
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temperament
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how you feel and how you strive for them (goals and motivations)
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