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NRSC 2100: EXAM 2
Criteria for Neurotransmitter Status
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must be found in presynaptic terminal
enzymes for synthesis
released from presynaptic terminals
action on postsynaptic neuron (PSP)
Postsynaptic receptors
Reuptake/degradation
Predictable pharmacological action
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Small Neurotransmitter Molecules
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Amino Acids
Amines
Purine
Histamine
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Large Neurotransmitter Molecules
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Peptides/Neuropeptides
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Excitatory Amino Acids (small neurotransmitter molecule)
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Glutamate
Aspartate
found everywhere in CNS
responsible for FAST EPSPs
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Inhibitory Amino Acids (small neurotransmitters)
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GABA
GAD transforms glutamate into GABA
VGAT: vesicular GABA transporter
Responsible for FAST IPSPs
Glycine
responsible for FAST IPSPs
conversion of serine with enzyme serine to form hydroxymethltransferase
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Amines (Small Neurotransmitter Molecules)
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Acetylcholine
Catecholamines
Indolamine
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acetylcholine |
- Small Neurotransmitter Molecule; Amine
-causes muscles to contract (frog heart)
-memory
-arousal
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Catecholamines |
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
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Dopamine
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Small neurotransmitter molecule; Catecholamine; Amine
-Movement, attention, learning, reward
-Loss of Dopamine = Parkinson's
-Too much Dopamine = Schizophrenia
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Norepinephrine & Epinephrine
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- released by SNS and adrenals
- control alertness/wakefulness and Alarm
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Indolamine |
- Serotonin (5HD)
- Regulates mood, emotional behavior, sleep, and arousal
- Target system of some hallucinogenic (LSD) and antidepressant drugs (SSRI)
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Purine (ATP)
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packaged in synaptic vesicles along with other neurotransmitters
co-released during synaptic transmission
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Histamine |
widely employed in the CNS
Clearest role in sleep-wake functions
antihistamines found in many cold medicines--contain H1 receptor Agonists
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Peptides, (neuropeptides)
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synthesized in neural cell bodies and packaged in golgi
transported to synaptic terminals and broken down by peptidases
Endorphines: endogenous opiates; pain
Cholecystokinin: food intake
Vasopressin: Fluid Regulation
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Retrograde Messengers
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- Neurotransmitters not stored in synaptic vesicles
- endocannabinoids
- nitric oxide
- postsynaptic ---> Presynaptic
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Endocannabinoids |
- widespread inhibitory in presynaptic neurons
- synthesized in postsynaptic elements
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Dale's Principle
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- the hypothesis that a neuron releases the same neurotransmitter at all its synapses
- many neurons synthesize and release multiple neurotransmitters at their synapses
- Peptide neurotransmitters
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Cholinergic Neurons
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neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh)
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Catecholaminergic Neurons
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Catecholamines
Dopamine
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Adrenaline
Dopa
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Neuronal Membrane Transporter
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shuttles transmitter from the extracellular fluid and concentrates in the cytosol
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vesicular transporter
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after NT's have been released into the synaptic cleft, many are taken up again and inserted into the synaptic vesicles by vesicular transporters
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