Front Back
_____ carry blood away from the heart
arteries
Capillaries are the sight of what?
exchange of nutrients and wastes
exchange of nutrients and wastes
veins
Structure defines _____
function
64% of blood is in what at any given time? What does this mean?
systemic veins and venules. Means that veins are HUGE
Arterioles :
mostly smooth muscle, few elastic fibers
Venules
tunica interna only contains endothelium, tunica medi has few smooth muscle fibers
3 main layers of arteries and veins
1. Tunica interna 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa
What are the two layers of the tunica interna ?
the inner endothelium and basement membrane
What is the basement membrane in the tunica interna made of ?
collagen
What is the function of the tunica media
small layer of smooth muscle that routes and constricts blood flow
What is the tunica externa made of and what is its function?
made of both collagen and elastic fibers. It protects arteries and veins and anchors it in place.
Lumen
center of arteries and veins
A ____ has two additional layers called
Artery, internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina.
The two additional layers of an artery are used for what?
compliance: stretch and recoil
elastic arteries have more elastic fibers in their ___ ___
tunica media
Muscular arteries have more ____ ____ and fewer ____ ____ in their tunica media. Also contain the ____ ____ ____
smooth muscle, elastic fibers. external elastic lamina
Elastic aorta and arteries ___ during ventricular contraction
stretch
Elastic aorta and arteries ___ during ventricular relaxation
recoil
Vasoconstriction
Occurs in arteries. It is the contraction of smooth muscle fibers that causes a decrease in lumen diameter
Vasodilation
Relaxation of the lumen in arteries that increases lumen diameter
Histology hints (major differences between a vein and an artery)
Arteries -smaller diameter - thicker walls due to more smooth muscle - hold themselves open -have external and internal elastic lamina Veins: - larger diameter - thinner walls - collapse (can't hold themselves open) - have valves
3 types of capillaries
1. continuous 2. fenestrated 3. sinusoid
describe continuous capillaries
- made by continuous layer of endothelial cells - contain intercellular clefts (spaces between endothelial cells) - very tight junctions - present in places like the lungs because no large proteins are going in and out
Describe Fenestrated capillaries
- have pinocytic vesicles that carry fluid from 1 cell to another - fenestrations are small pores that allow small molecules and some nutrients to pass through - will find these in kidneys where proteins can be carried from blood to urine
Describe sinusoidal capillaries
- irregularly shaped and contain many intercellular clefts - huge holes - incomplete basement membrane - found where red blood cells can pass through. ex: red bone marrow/liver
capillary slides show ____ image
longitudinal
What drives venous return to the heart during sleep?
respiratory pump
A capillary is composed of ___ ___ ___ which roll to produce a tube
simple squamous cells
Capillary histology hints
- capillaries have the smallest diameter and thinnest walls - capillary slides show longitudinal image with NO VALVES -red blood cells can only pass through in a single line
longitudinal view of vein will always have ____
valves
4 ways to increase venous return
1. Increased blood volume 2. Skeletal muscle pump 3. Respiratory pump 4. Venoconstriction
Systolic blood pressure
blood pressure during ventricular systole. Contracts, pushes blood into aorta, which increases BP
Diastolic blood pressure
BP during ventricular systole
sphygmomanometer
used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure in any large artery
Where os BP highest
in the aorta and large elastic arteries
When does BP start decreasing?
When the arteries branch and blood travels further from the heart. Drops significantly in the arterioles and steadily decreases through capillaries, venules, veins and drops to zero in the right atrium.
Where does BP drop to 0?
right atrium
When blood pressure is greater than the pressure in the cuff, the artery ____ and ___ ___ ____
opens and blood flow returns
normal BP
120 systolic/80 diastolic
T or F: During hypertension, the heart will beat louder than during normal blood pressure
True
Details of hypertension
- high blood pressure - 140/90 mmHg or greater -primary hyp. has no identifiable cause - secondary is a result of other conditions. Ex: kidney disease
Symptoms, risk factors and treatment of hypertension
-typically asymptomatic -headache - nausea risk factors: diabetes, age, ethnicity treatment: lifestyle change, medication
Hypotension details
- abnormally low BP- below 90/60 mmHg -caused by medication, dehydration, blood loss
Symptoms, risk factors and treatment of hypotension
symptoms: dizziness, fainting, blurred vision risk factors: age, disease, medication treatment: increase fluid intake, elastic socks, medication
Blood vessels named based on _____
location
Pulmonary arteries: oxygenated or not?
NOT
Placenta
site of exchange of gases,nutrients, and wastes
Umbilical vein definition. What does it turn into ?
where oxygenated blood enters the fetus from the placenta. Ligamentum Teres
Ductus Venosus definition. What does it turn into?
where blood enter the inferior vena cava. Ligamentum venosum
Umbilical arteries definition. What does it turn into?
carry deoxygenated fetal blood back to the placenta. Medial Umbilical ligaments
Foramen Ovale definition. What does it turn into ?
opening between atria. Fossa Ovalis
Ductus Arteriosus definition. What does it turn into?
connects pulmonary trunk with aorta. Ligamentum arteriosum
Arteries of the head and neck (22)
1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. anterior communicating 4. basilar 5. right and left common carotid 6. right and left subclavian 7. right and left external carotid 8. right and left internal carotid 9. right and left vertebral 10. right and left anterior cerebral 11. r…
Veins of the head and neck (11)
1. right and left internal jugular 2. right and left subclavian 3. right and left vertebral 4. right and left external jugular 5. right and left brachiocephalic 5. superior vena cava
Arteries of the upper extremities(14)
1. Aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right and left subclavian 4. right and left axillary 5. right and left brachial 6. right and left radial 7. right and left ulnar 8. right and left deep and superficial palmar archs
Veins of the upper extremities (17)
1. superior vena cava 2. right and left subclavian 3. right and left cephalic 4. right and left axillary 5. right and left basilic 6. right and left brachial 7. right and left median cubital 8. right and left ulnars 9. right and left radials
Arteries of the abdominal cavity (15)
1. thoracic aorta 2. abdominal aorta 3. celiac trunk 4. right gastric 5. common hepatic 6. splenic 7. left gastric 8. right and left suprarenal 8. superior mesenteric 9. inferior mesenteric 10. right and left renal 11. right and left gonadal
Veins of the abdominal cavity (12)
1. superior vena cava 2. inferior vena cava 3. azygos 4. hemiazygos 5. accessory hemiazygos 6. hepatic veins 7. right and left suprarenal 8. right and left renal 9. right and left gonadal
Arteries of the lower extremities
1. abdominal aorta 2. right and left common iliac 3. right and left external iliac 4. right and left internal iliac 5. right and left femoral 6. right and left popliteal 7. right and left anterior tibial 8. right and left posterior tibial 10. right and left dorsal artery of the fo…
Veins of the lower extremities
1. inferior vena cava 2. right and left common iliac 3. right and left external iliac 4. right and left femoral 5. right and left popliteal 6. right and left great saphenous 7. right and left small saphenous 8. right and left anterior tibial 9. right and left posterior tibial 10.…
Hepatic Portal Circulation
1. hepatic vein 2. hepatic portal vein 3. splenic vein 4. inferior mesenteric vein 5. superior mesenteric vein 6. inferior vena cave
Systemic circulation
arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart where it will then enter the pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation
arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where gas exchange occurs, and veins return oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium

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