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PSIO 202: QUIZ 2
_____ carry blood away from the heart
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arteries |
Capillaries are the sight of what?
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exchange of nutrients and wastes
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exchange of nutrients and wastes
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veins
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Structure defines _____
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function |
64% of blood is in what at any given time? What does this mean?
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systemic veins and venules. Means that veins are HUGE
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Arterioles :
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mostly smooth muscle, few elastic fibers
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Venules |
tunica interna only contains endothelium, tunica medi has few smooth muscle fibers
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3 main layers of arteries and veins
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1. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
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What are the two layers of the tunica interna ?
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the inner endothelium and basement membrane
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What is the basement membrane in the tunica interna made of ?
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collagen |
What is the function of the tunica media
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small layer of smooth muscle that routes and constricts blood flow
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What is the tunica externa made of and what is its function?
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made of both collagen and elastic fibers. It protects arteries and veins and anchors it in place.
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Lumen |
center of arteries and veins
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A ____ has two additional layers called
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Artery, internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina.
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The two additional layers of an artery are used for what?
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compliance: stretch and recoil
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elastic arteries have more elastic fibers in their ___ ___
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tunica media
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Muscular arteries have more ____ ____ and fewer ____ ____ in their tunica media. Also contain the ____ ____ ____
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smooth muscle, elastic fibers. external elastic lamina
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Elastic aorta and arteries ___ during ventricular contraction
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stretch |
Elastic aorta and arteries ___ during ventricular relaxation
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recoil |
Vasoconstriction
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Occurs in arteries. It is the contraction of smooth muscle fibers that causes a decrease in lumen diameter
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Vasodilation |
Relaxation of the lumen in arteries that increases lumen diameter
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Histology hints (major differences between a vein and an artery)
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Arteries
-smaller diameter
- thicker walls due to more
smooth muscle
- hold themselves open
-have external and internal elastic lamina
Veins:
- larger diameter
- thinner walls
- collapse (can't hold themselves open)
- have valves
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3 types of capillaries
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1. continuous
2. fenestrated
3. sinusoid
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describe continuous capillaries
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- made by continuous layer of endothelial cells
- contain intercellular clefts (spaces between endothelial cells)
- very tight junctions
- present in places like the lungs because no large proteins are going in and out
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Describe Fenestrated capillaries
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- have pinocytic vesicles that carry fluid from 1 cell to another
- fenestrations are small pores that allow small molecules and some nutrients to pass through
- will find these in kidneys where proteins can be carried from blood to urine
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Describe sinusoidal capillaries
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- irregularly shaped and contain many intercellular clefts
- huge holes
- incomplete basement membrane
- found where red blood cells can pass through. ex: red bone marrow/liver
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capillary slides show ____ image
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longitudinal
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What drives venous return to the heart during sleep?
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respiratory pump
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A capillary is composed of ___ ___ ___ which roll to produce a tube
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simple squamous cells
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Capillary histology hints
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- capillaries have the smallest diameter and thinnest walls
- capillary slides show longitudinal image with NO VALVES
-red blood cells can only pass through in a
single line
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longitudinal view of vein will always have ____
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valves |
4 ways to increase venous return
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1. Increased blood volume
2. Skeletal muscle pump
3. Respiratory pump
4. Venoconstriction
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Systolic blood pressure
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blood pressure during ventricular systole. Contracts, pushes blood into aorta, which increases BP
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Diastolic blood pressure
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BP during ventricular systole
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sphygmomanometer
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used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure in any large artery
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Where os BP highest
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in the aorta and large elastic arteries
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When does BP start decreasing?
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When the arteries branch and blood travels further from the heart. Drops significantly in the arterioles and steadily decreases through capillaries, venules, veins and drops to zero in the right atrium.
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Where does BP drop to 0?
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right atrium
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When blood pressure is greater than the pressure in the cuff, the artery ____ and ___ ___ ____
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opens and blood flow returns
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normal BP
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120 systolic/80 diastolic
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T or F: During hypertension, the heart will beat louder than during normal blood pressure
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True
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Details of hypertension
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- high blood pressure
- 140/90 mmHg or
greater
-primary hyp. has no identifiable cause
- secondary is a result of other conditions. Ex: kidney disease
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Symptoms, risk factors and treatment of hypertension
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-typically asymptomatic
-headache
- nausea
risk factors: diabetes, age, ethnicity
treatment: lifestyle change, medication
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Hypotension details
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- abnormally low BP- below 90/60 mmHg
-caused by medication, dehydration, blood loss
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Symptoms, risk factors and treatment of hypotension
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symptoms: dizziness, fainting, blurred vision
risk factors: age, disease, medication
treatment: increase fluid intake, elastic socks, medication
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Blood vessels named based on _____
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location |
Pulmonary arteries: oxygenated or not?
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NOT |
Placenta
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site of exchange of gases,nutrients, and wastes
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Umbilical vein definition. What does it turn into ?
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where oxygenated blood enters the fetus from the
placenta. Ligamentum Teres
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Ductus Venosus definition. What does it turn into?
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where blood enter the inferior vena cava. Ligamentum venosum
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Umbilical arteries definition. What does it turn into?
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carry deoxygenated fetal blood back to the placenta. Medial Umbilical ligaments
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Foramen Ovale definition. What does it turn into ?
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opening between atria. Fossa Ovalis
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Ductus Arteriosus definition. What does it turn into?
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connects pulmonary trunk with aorta. Ligamentum arteriosum
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Arteries of the head and neck (22)
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1. aortic arch
2. brachiocephalic trunk
3. anterior communicating
4. basilar
5. right and left common carotid
6. right and left subclavian
7. right and left external carotid
8. right and left internal carotid
9. right and left vertebral
10. right and left anterior cerebral
11. right and left middle cerebral
12. right and left posterior cerebral
13. right and left posterior communicating
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Veins of the head and neck (11)
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1. right and left internal jugular
2. right and left subclavian
3. right and left vertebral
4. right and left external jugular
5. right and left brachiocephalic
5. superior vena cava
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Arteries of the upper extremities(14)
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1. Aortic arch
2. brachiocephalic trunk
3. right and left subclavian
4. right and left axillary
5. right and left brachial
6. right and left radial
7. right and left ulnar
8. right and left deep and superficial palmar archs
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Veins of the upper extremities (17)
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1. superior vena cava
2. right and left subclavian
3. right and left cephalic
4. right and left axillary
5. right and left basilic
6. right and left brachial
7. right and left median cubital
8. right and left ulnars
9. right and left radials
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Arteries of the abdominal cavity (15)
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1. thoracic aorta
2. abdominal aorta
3. celiac trunk
4. right gastric
5. common hepatic
6. splenic
7. left gastric
8. right and left suprarenal
8. superior mesenteric
9. inferior mesenteric
10. right and left renal
11. right and left gonadal
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Veins of the abdominal cavity (12)
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1. superior vena cava
2. inferior vena cava
3. azygos
4. hemiazygos
5. accessory hemiazygos
6. hepatic veins
7. right and left suprarenal
8. right and left renal
9. right and left gonadal
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Arteries of the lower extremities
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1. abdominal aorta
2. right and left common iliac
3. right and left external iliac
4. right and left internal iliac
5. right and left femoral
6. right and left popliteal
7. right and left anterior tibial
8. right and left posterior tibial
10. right and left dorsal artery of the foot
11. right and left medial plantar artery
12. right and left lateral plantar artery
13. right and left fibular
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Veins of the lower extremities
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1. inferior vena cava
2. right and left common iliac
3. right and left external iliac
4. right and left femoral
5. right and left popliteal
6. right and left great saphenous
7. right and left small saphenous
8. right and left anterior tibial
9. right and left posterior tibial
10. right and left fibular
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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1. hepatic vein
2. hepatic portal vein
3. splenic vein
4. inferior mesenteric vein
5. superior mesenteric vein
6. inferior vena cave |
Systemic circulation
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arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart where it will then enter the pulmonary circulation
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Pulmonary circulation
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arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where gas exchange occurs, and veins return oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium
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