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PSIO 201: EXAM 2
levels of organization
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chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ systems
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functions of skeletal system
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support
protection
movements
mineral storage- homeostasis and calcium
red and white blood cell
leverage
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triglyceride storage (function of the S.S)
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-adipose tissue
-98% of all body energy reserves insulates protect
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hemopoiesis( functions of s.s)
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blood cell production
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composition of the skeletal system
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cartilage- runs from 1 end to another
ligaments- reinforce joints, allow movements
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axial skeleton
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midline, longitude
skull
auditory
ear bones
hyoid
ribs
sternum
vertebral
80bones
thorax
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appendicular skeleton
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-126 bones
arms
legs
femur
pectoral girdles
upper limb
pelvic girdle
lower limbs
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classification of bones
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long bones- greater length
shortbones- equal width and length
flat bones- thin flat surface
irregular bones- complex shapes
sesamoid- patella
pneumatized
sutural
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long bones
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-humerus
radius
ulna
femur
tibia
fibula
metacarpals
metatarsals
phalanges
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flat bones examples
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skulls
ribs
sternum
carpal
tarsal bones
protect organs
scapula
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irregular bones
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- vertebrae
hips
- calcaneus
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Gross Anatomy of a Long bone
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Epiphysis - head of the long bone
Diaphysis - shaft of long bone(middle)
Medullary Cavity - hollow, no bone, has fat (YBM)
Periosteum - double layered (outer - dense irregular tissue // inner - rich osteoblast)*** bone growth
Endosteum - lines the medulla cavity**bone growth
Articular - cartilage at end of bone (hyaline)
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sutural
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- suture of the skull
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pneumatized
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cavities in vertebrae -----allow penetration by air sacs
- ethmoid bone
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periosteum
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-- connective tissue covers external surface of bone
contains blood vessels
doesn't cover joints
two layers
outer fibrous**
inner osteogenic**
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endosteum
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-inside lining
marrow cavity
spongy bone
compact bone
osteogenic cells
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bone develops fatigue damage
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detect location and magnitude of damage
remove damage
replace it with new bone
restore bones material composition, micro and macro architecture
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gross anatomy of flat bones
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yellow marrow found in medullary cavity, severe blood loss = conversion of yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production
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What are the four types of cells found in bone tissue?
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Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
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Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
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maintain bone strength by removing damaged bone
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during growth modeling /remodeling
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achieve the skeleton peak strength
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achieve the skeleton peak strength
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- achieve strength for loading and lightness for mobility
strategically deposit bone where it is needed
remove bone from where it is not needed to avoid
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bone remodeling
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reconstruction
when bone is resorbed by osteoclasts
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bone modeling
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construction
formed by osteoblasts without prior bone resorption
produces change in bone size and shape
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osteoclasts |
break down bone
bone resorption
release proteolytic enzymes and acids
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osteocytes
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maintenance of bone
found in lacunae
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osteoblasts
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-bone formation
synthesize organic components of matrix
builds bone repair and remodel
initiate calcification- take calcium from blood and deposit it within matrix exocytosis
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osteogenic cells
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develops into an osteoblast
stem cells formed from mesenchyme
can differentiate and become other bones
mitosis form in osteoblasts
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Extracellular Martix
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The stuff outside of and between cells
Connective tissue (e.g., dermis, below epidermis) is typically of lower cell density than
epithelial and glandular tissue
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osteology
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-study of the skeleton
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sesamoid bones
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protects tendons form excessive wear
-patella
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spongy bone
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- light weight
-strong
- end of long bones
-calcellous
-irregular shape
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primary weakness of compact bone
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-connects blood vessels
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osteocyte
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-bone cell
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lacuna |
- containing bone cells
containing osteocytes
-space in bone
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canaliculi
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- connects lacunae
-supplying nutrients ao cells
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osteons compact bones
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contains passage ways 4 blood
central canal-blood vessels and nerves
lamellae - layers of tissue
caniliculi
allows osteocyte to maintain bone
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compact bone function
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- withstand forces along longitudinal axis
-keeps bone strong
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compact bone location
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-diaphysis of long bones
-arms and legs
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compact bone organization
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- solid networks of ring structures -osteon
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spongy bone location and function
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epiphyses of long bone
surrounding marrow cavities
flat, short, regular
function
strength
contains blood vessels bone marrow
pelvis
ribs
sternum
vertebra
skull
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organization of spongy boneTerm
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-thin plates trabecullae
osteocytes are housed in lacunae
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bones need both collagen and minerals for maximum strength
|
... |
minerals |
provide firmness
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collagen |
strong and flexible
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scurvy
|
- lack of vit c
- bones can fracture easily
-weakens collagen
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rickets |
-lack of vitamin d
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hydroxyapatite
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-lack of vitamin d
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organization of mineral
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collage fiber contains mineralized fibrils
fibrils contain small mineral plates bound by helical non collagenous
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type 1 collagen
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- connective tissue provides structure and support
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inorganic components
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hydroxyapatite mineral salts
ca10(P04)6(OH)2
ADDS strength
water
MAKES UP 25%
ATTRACTED TO GROUND SUBSTANCE
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organic components ecm
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type 1
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collagen fibers
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-resist stretching but bend easily
contain fibrils
ligaments and joint capsules
most common protein in the body strong
connective tissue
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describe each component of the matrix
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-organic component resists twist and stretch
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glycosaminoglycans
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negative sulfate attracts water and cation
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list components of the extracellular matrix
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glycosaminoglycans
glycoproteins
negatively charged
proteins fibers
proteoglycans
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purpose of its organization osteon
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compact bone made up of osetons
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bone formation
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fontanels- soft spots on skull
epiphyseal plates stay as cartilage until adult hood
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intramembranous process
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flat bones of skull
facial bones mandible
sternum
clavicles medial parts
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intramembranous ossification
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-within membrane
mesenchyme bone
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ossification
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- cartilage is converted to bone during human development
beings during the second month of dev.
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bones before birth
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-loose connective tissue -mesenchyme
hyaline cartilage
bones start as cartilage
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heterotropic bone formation
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sesamoid bones
abnormal stress can stimulate bone formation in areas where bone is not normally found
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order of events of intramembranous
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dev. of center
calcification-
formation of trabeculae and periosteum
dev. of compact bone collar
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calcification
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osteoblasts deposit calcium in matrix
differentiate into osteocytes
deposition of calcium
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development of ossification center
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-dev. of the bone
mesenchymal cells cluster together an differentiate into osteogenic cells and later osteoblast
osteoblasts secrete bone to matrix
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development of periosteum
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-remodeling of spongy bine to compact bone
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formation of trabecullae
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strands of bone
spongy bone
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process of appositional growth
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ridges in periosteum create groove 4 periostesl blood vessel
Per. ridges fuse forming endosteum
osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward
bone grows outward
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appositional growth of bone
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growth in width
periosteal osteoblasts build bone on outer surface - divide and secrete additional matrix
endosteal osteoclasts increase diameter of marrow cavity - deep layer
|
epiphyseal plate
|
cartilage growth plate on long bones during childhood
diaphyseal osteoclasts break down calcified cartilage
osteoblasts lay down spongy bone
chondroblasts will cont to form cartilage matrix at the proliferating cart. region
growth in length
|
interstitial growth
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chondroblasts build matrix and diff into chondrocytes
chondrocytes divide
chondrocytes build matrix and spread apart
cartilage tissue growths within
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interstitial growth
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growth within the tissue
- growth in length
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appositional growth
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growth at the edge
increases bone thickness
occurs in the periosteum of all bones
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secondary ossification
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l- epiphyses
near time of birth
epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone and cartilage remains at the joint
in the end
no marrow cavity
|
primary ossification
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- marrow cavity formed
replaces all cartilage w/bone
occurs b4 birth
l- diaphysis
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Endochondral ossification
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Primary ossification center
Secondary ossification centers
epiphyseal plate
process of cartilage turning into bone
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Endochondral Ossification Summary Step
|
Cartilage model forms
Growth of cartilage model
Blood vessels penetrate model and stimulate differentiation of osteogenic cells into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts form bone on the outer surface of the bone
Osteoblasts create a primary ossification center (bone replaces cartilage)
Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity
Spongy bone remodeled to compact bone
Around birth a secondary ossification center forms
Spongy bone replaces cartilage at the epiphyses with the exception of epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage
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**bones formed by intramembranous
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-skull bones,
-mandible
-clavicle
-patella
-flat bones
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role of parathyroid hormone
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- causes increase in blood calcium
-
-increased bone resorption by osteoclasts
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role of calcitonin
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from thyroid
decreases blood calcium level
target tissues- bone,kidney, intestine
decreased bone resorption by ostclst.
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osteoporosis prevention
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no smoking
caffeine consumpiton
exercise
high foods on Ca andVIT D
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risk factors for development of osteoporosis
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-high fat diets
-low intake of fruits and veggies
-old age
- females
- low on calcium
-low on vit d
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define osteoporosis
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-bones become weak and porous
-increase risk of fractures
-decrease bone strength
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estrogen/ testosterone
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- sex hormones
-bone growth
bone formation
-levels decrease with older age
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skeletal disorders( conditions affecting muscles or bones )
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pituitary d.- children w/low levels of growth hormone slow epiphyseal (short)
pituitary giantism- accelerated growth tall
acromegaly- thickening of bone
skull, hands, feet, mandible
epi. played of long bone already closed
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sex hormones in modulating bone mass
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- causes osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate and overtime stops growth
- at puberty bone growth accelerates dramatically
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role of thyroxine
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- increase metabolic rate
-reg growth & dev
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**roles of hormones
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maintains of homeostasis
growth n dev.
sexual drive
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role of exercise
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exercise early in life helps increase peak bone mass
exercise later in life- prevent bone loss
improve strength and balance and coordination
reach the feature threshold later in life
fall prevention
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***recommended CA2
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- young adults 19-50 yrs old need 1000mg calcium from diet and supplements to avoid bone loss
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role of calcium in bone dev.
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-bone remodeling
-regulates blood
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
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role of calcitriol in calcium homeostasis
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increase calcium absorption
increase resorption by kidneys
reduces pth, works great with pth
controls how calcium is absorbed from bone to blood
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Describe Vitamin D
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Called sunshine vitamin
Vitamin D is synthesized in the body by sunlight.
inactive converted to circulating form in liver,
to active form in kidneys.
Active form acts as a hormone.
Regulates calcium and phosphorous.
maintains healthy blood levels and build/maintain bones.
May prevent type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Found in yogurts, cereals and fatty fish. Deficiencies are rickets and osteomalacia.
|
describe the vitamin D pathway
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vit D from skin precursor dehydrocholesterol
plus UV light
blood cholecalciferol
liver cholecalciferol 25 hydroxy
kidney1,25 to dihydro chol.
|
calcium homeostasis
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-keep blood calcium in normal range 8.5-11.0mg/dl
-important 4 membrance
intracellular activity
blood clotting
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dietary factors that influence the bone
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Vit
vit A-activity 4 osteoblasts
vit C- needed 4 collagen
vit D- calcium absorption
Vit- K & b12- bone proteins
Minerals - cal & phosphorus
exercise
hormones
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****bones formed by endochondral ossification
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-most bones in the body(vertebrae,pelvis, limbs, digits,
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