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Denotation
The dictionary Definition of a word. Primary associations of the word.
Connotation
Secondary associations of a word. The meaning behind the word in specific contexts.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A person's perception of the world is transmitted and sustained by language. Benjamin Lee Whorf 1956.
Strong Determinism
the belief that language has the power to determine our thoughts
Weak Determinism
the belief that our way of viewing the world and our thoughts are INFLUENCED by language but NOT controlled
5 Language Problems
Abstract Language Inference Dichotomies Euphemisms Equivocal Language
Abstract Language
as concepts become more vague, the intended meaning becomes less clear, and there is a greater chance for misunderstandings.
Inference
a conclusion or judgement derived from assumptions.
Dichotomies
polar words
Euphemisms
Substituting mild, vague, or less emotionally charged words for blunt ones. Lacks intensity.
Equivocal Language
Has two or more possible interpretations.
Powerless Language
Uses: HEDGERS: "kinda, I think" DISCLAIMERS: "I probably shouldn't say this" HESITATIONS: "Uh, um, well"
Powerful Language
Free of hedgers, disclaimers and hesitations. Perceived as more credible and and believable.
Metacommunication
Messages (usually relational) that refer to other messages; communication about communication. Comments directed at the way people communicate.
Verbal/Vocal
Communication through spoken word. ex. a conversation.
Verbal/Nonvocal
words are involved, BUT no speaking takes place. Ex. writing a letter to a friend.
Nonverbal/Vocal
Vocalizations that are not words. Ex. groans, laughs, sighs.
Nonverbal/Nonvocal
Involves only gestures and appearance. Ex. dressing professionally, giving a thumbs up.
Kinesic Slips
Contradictory Verbal and Nonverbal messages (mixed messages.)
Personal Space
A person's portable territory that he or she brings everywhere he/she goes.
Intimate Distance
18inches or less. Close: 6 inches or less,reserved for close friends/family Far: 6-18 inches, discussing confidential issues, whispering.
Personal Distance
1 1/2ft.-4ft. Close: 1 1/2ft-2 1/2 ft. reserved for private conversations. Far: 2 1/2ft-4ft. comfortable distance for conversing with friends.
Social Distance
4-12ft Close: 4-7ft. social gatherings, business discussions Far: 7ft-12ft. appropriate for office meetings. Outside 7 ft. can be ignored.
Public Distance
12ft or more. Close: 12-25ft. formal language, louder voice. Far: 25ft or more. needs further accommodations to distance.
Volume
loudness of speech
Pitch
frequency level of the voice.
Rate
# of words uttered in a specified time. Average is 125-150 words/minute.
Fluency
Continuity of Speech.
Quality
Resonance of the voice. ex. nasally, hoarse, harsh
Perceptual Filters
physiological limitations that are built into human beings and cannot be reversed. Ex. blindness, deafness.
Psychological Sets
Our expectancies or predispositions to respond that affect our perception of people and objects. Ex. biases, jumping to conclusions.
Self-Concept
Stable impressions of your physical characteristics, who you were, who you are, and what you aspire to be.
Self-Esteem
Feelings of self-worth.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
psychological sets which work to confirm our expectations for ourselves, good and bad.
Primacy Effect
First impressions have the most significant impact on the way we feel about each other.
Stereotype
a generalization about a class of people, objects or events that is widely held by a culture.
Empathy
Experiencing another person's condition. The key to effective listening.
Charisma
Personal magnetism that enables an individual to attract and influence people.
Interpersonal communication
messages exchanged with people with whom we have a personal relationship and/or with whom we interact on a personal level.
Gottman's Magic Ratio
5:1 praise to criticism as observed in happy couples.
5 Reasons why Nonverbal Communication is of Interest to Scholars and the Public
most are UNCONSCIOUSly produced DIFFICULT to consciously CONTROL=>more revealing some UNIVERSAL (ex. facial expressions) INNATE ORIGINS of human language
Two Approches to Nonverbal Communication
Channel Approach Functional Approach
Channel Approach
breaks the study down into channels to be studied independently. Ex. proxemics, haptics, kinesics, chronemics, olfactics, paralanguage
Functional Approach
the study of the functions of nonverbal communication. Ex. giving info, expressing emotion, communication intimacy, expressing dominance, etc.
Function of Self-Disclosure
build trust develop a relationship reduce uncertainty
Conflict in Interpersonal Relationships
inevitable healthy strengthens relationships by increasing confidence in managing disagreements
Importance of Interpersonal Communication
more interaction improved relationships more confidence/credibility overall quality of life
3 bases of Attraction (liking)
Proximity Similarity Situations
Trust
The belief that no harm will come to you from the other person in the relationship. The expectation that those on whom we depend will meet our expectations of them.
Proximity
geographic closeness
Similarity
people are attracted to one another based on shared characteristics.
Situations
variations in the behaviors and personal characteristics of others.
Knapp's 10 Relational stages
Initiating Experimenting Intensifying Integrating Bonding Differentiating Circumscribing Stagnating Avoiding Terminating
Initiating
the first attempts you make at communicating with a new person
Experimenting
Trial stage, gain some knowledge of the other person.
Intensifying
In a relationship! The beginning of intimacy, sharing of personal information.
Bonding
Formal/Ritualistic stage. (Marriage) Social and institutional support, accept rules and norms for governing he relationship.
Differentiating
the relationship becomes too confining, focus on individualism.
Circumscribing
reduced frequency and intimacy of communication. More formality returns.
Stagnating
Conversations are as if they are occurring between strangers; the relationship is never discussed.
Avoiding
a coping tactic to minimize pain.
Terminating
the final stage, the relationship dissolves.
Family Background
The MOST IMPORTANT factor in determining student achievement.
Norms
rules (implicit and explicit) about how people should act.
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
4 concepts of High Quality Relationships (Miller and Steinberg)
Psychological information is more important (likes, dislikes, goals, fears, etc.) Rules developed by the people in the relationship. Roles are determined by personal characteristics, not situation. Emphasis on Individual choices.
Self-disclosure
Intentionally making known information about yourself.
High-Affiliate
someone who prefers being with others to being alone.
Low-Affiliate
Prefers to be alone, less desire for companionship.
Commitment
the resolve to continue in a relationship indefinitely and to make the efforts necessary to ensure that it will continue.
Dominance
a continuum of a person's want for control over communication.
Status
the position of an individual in comparison to others; establishes control in an interpersonal relationship.
Power
the capacity to influence others and to resist their influence.

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