COMM 101: EXAM 2
73 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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Denotation
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The dictionary Definition of a word. Primary associations of the word.
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Connotation
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Secondary associations of a word. The meaning behind the word in specific contexts.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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A person's perception of the world is transmitted and sustained by language. Benjamin Lee Whorf 1956.
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Strong Determinism
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the belief that language has the power to determine our thoughts
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Weak Determinism
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the belief that our way of viewing the world and our thoughts are INFLUENCED by language but NOT controlled
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5 Language Problems
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Abstract Language
Inference
Dichotomies
Euphemisms
Equivocal Language
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Abstract Language
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as concepts become more vague, the intended meaning becomes less clear, and there is a greater chance for misunderstandings.
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Inference
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a conclusion or judgement derived from assumptions.
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Dichotomies
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polar words
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Euphemisms
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Substituting mild, vague, or less emotionally charged words for blunt ones. Lacks intensity.
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Equivocal Language
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Has two or more possible interpretations.
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Powerless Language
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Uses:
HEDGERS: "kinda, I think"
DISCLAIMERS: "I probably shouldn't say this"
HESITATIONS: "Uh, um, well"
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Powerful Language
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Free of hedgers, disclaimers and hesitations. Perceived as more credible and and believable.
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Metacommunication
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Messages (usually relational) that refer to other messages; communication about communication.
Comments directed at the way people communicate.
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Verbal/Vocal
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Communication through spoken word.
ex. a conversation.
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Verbal/Nonvocal
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words are involved, BUT no speaking takes place.
Ex. writing a letter to a friend.
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Nonverbal/Vocal
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Vocalizations that are not words.
Ex. groans, laughs, sighs.
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Nonverbal/Nonvocal
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Involves only gestures and appearance.
Ex. dressing professionally, giving a thumbs up.
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Kinesic Slips
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Contradictory Verbal and Nonverbal messages (mixed messages.)
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Personal Space
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A person's portable territory that he or she brings everywhere he/she goes.
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Intimate Distance
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18inches or less.
Close: 6 inches or less,reserved for close friends/family
Far: 6-18 inches, discussing confidential issues, whispering.
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Personal Distance
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1 1/2ft.-4ft.
Close: 1 1/2ft-2 1/2 ft. reserved for private conversations.
Far: 2 1/2ft-4ft. comfortable distance for conversing with friends.
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Social Distance
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4-12ft
Close: 4-7ft. social gatherings, business discussions
Far: 7ft-12ft. appropriate for office meetings. Outside 7 ft. can be ignored.
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Public Distance
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12ft or more.
Close: 12-25ft. formal language, louder voice.
Far: 25ft or more. needs further accommodations to distance.
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Volume
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loudness of speech
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Pitch
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frequency level of the voice.
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Rate
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# of words uttered in a specified time. Average is 125-150 words/minute.
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Fluency
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Continuity of Speech.
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Quality
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Resonance of the voice.
ex. nasally, hoarse, harsh
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Perceptual Filters
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physiological limitations that are built into human beings and cannot be reversed.
Ex. blindness, deafness.
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Psychological Sets
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Our expectancies or predispositions to respond that affect our perception of people and objects.
Ex. biases, jumping to conclusions.
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Self-Concept
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Stable impressions of your physical characteristics, who you were, who you are, and what you aspire to be.
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Self-Esteem
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Feelings of self-worth.
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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psychological sets which work to confirm our expectations for ourselves, good and bad.
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Primacy Effect
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First impressions have the most significant impact on the way we feel about each other.
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Stereotype
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a generalization about a class of people, objects or events that is widely held by a culture.
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Empathy
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Experiencing another person's condition. The key to effective listening.
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Charisma
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Personal magnetism that enables an individual to attract and influence people.
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Interpersonal communication
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messages exchanged with people with whom we have a personal relationship and/or with whom we interact on a personal level.
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Gottman's Magic Ratio
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5:1 praise to criticism as observed in happy couples.
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5 Reasons why Nonverbal Communication is of Interest to Scholars and the Public
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most are UNCONSCIOUSly produced
DIFFICULT to consciously CONTROL=>more revealing
some UNIVERSAL (ex. facial expressions)
INNATE
ORIGINS of human language
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Two Approches to Nonverbal Communication
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Channel Approach
Functional Approach
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Channel Approach
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breaks the study down into channels to be studied independently.
Ex. proxemics, haptics, kinesics, chronemics, olfactics, paralanguage
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Functional Approach
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the study of the functions of nonverbal communication.
Ex. giving info, expressing emotion, communication intimacy, expressing dominance, etc.
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Function of Self-Disclosure
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build trust
develop a relationship
reduce uncertainty
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Conflict in Interpersonal Relationships
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inevitable
healthy
strengthens relationships by increasing confidence in managing disagreements
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Importance of Interpersonal Communication
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more interaction
improved relationships
more confidence/credibility
overall quality of life
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3 bases of Attraction (liking)
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Proximity
Similarity
Situations
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Trust
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The belief that no harm will come to you from the other person in the relationship. The expectation that those on whom we depend will meet our expectations of them.
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Proximity
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geographic closeness
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Similarity
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people are attracted to one another based on shared characteristics.
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Situations
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variations in the behaviors and personal characteristics of others.
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Knapp's 10 Relational stages
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Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
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Initiating
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the first attempts you make at communicating with a new person
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Experimenting
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Trial stage, gain some knowledge of the other person.
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Intensifying
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In a relationship! The beginning of intimacy, sharing of personal information.
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Bonding
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Formal/Ritualistic stage. (Marriage) Social and institutional support, accept rules and norms for governing he relationship.
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Differentiating
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the relationship becomes too confining, focus on individualism.
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Circumscribing
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reduced frequency and intimacy of communication. More formality returns.
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Stagnating
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Conversations are as if they are occurring between strangers; the relationship is never discussed.
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Avoiding
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a coping tactic to minimize pain.
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Terminating
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the final stage, the relationship dissolves.
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Family Background
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The MOST IMPORTANT factor in determining student achievement.
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Norms
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rules (implicit and explicit) about how people should act.
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Role
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A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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4 concepts of High Quality Relationships (Miller and Steinberg)
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Psychological information is more important (likes, dislikes, goals, fears, etc.)
Rules developed by the people in the relationship.
Roles are determined by personal characteristics, not situation.
Emphasis on Individual choices.
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Self-disclosure
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Intentionally making known information about yourself.
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High-Affiliate
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someone who prefers being with others to being alone.
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Low-Affiliate
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Prefers to be alone, less desire for companionship.
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Commitment
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the resolve to continue in a relationship indefinitely and to make the efforts necessary to ensure that it will continue.
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Dominance
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a continuum of a person's want for control over communication.
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Status
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the position of an individual in comparison to others; establishes control in an interpersonal relationship.
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Power
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the capacity to influence others and to resist their influence.
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