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Homogenous
A mixture that the substances are evenly spread throughout.
Heterogenous
mixtures that have different properties in different parts of the system
Intensive Properties
Properties that do not depend upon the amount of matter present such as melting point, density, and conductivity.
Extensive properties
properties that are dependent on the amount of substance such as mass and volume.
Physical change
A phase transition
Phase diagram
graphical representation of phase change and stability
Triple point
A point where three different phases can occur at the same temperature and pressure.
Supercritical fluid
Exists as both fluid and gas.
critical point
liquid and vapor are indistinguishable
Vapor
gaseous state of any substance that normally exists as a liquid or solid high rate of temperature, pressure, and evaporation
Filtration
Solid substances are separated from liquids -Uses a barrier only the liquid can pass through
Crystallization
A solution of a solute is cooled below saturation temperature, causing solid crystals of solute to form. -commonly used in process such as extraction of common salt.
Distillation
Technique used to separate substances in a liquid mixture taking advantage of boiling point.
hydrocarbons
organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Models
Simplified representations
Particulate Model of Matter
Used to explain and predict the physical properties of many materials. Assumption 1: Any macroscopic sample of a substance is composed of an extremely large number of very small identical particles. Assumption 2: Particles of matter are constantly moving in random directions through emp…
Ideal gas and Ideal gas law
hypothetical gas whose pressure, volume and temperature relationships are described completely by the ideal-gas equation
Kinetic energy
energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion
potential energy
stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.
Latent heat
The energy released or absorbed during a phase transition due to changes in potential energy.
atomic model of substances
Proposed that the particles that compose the substance in our surroundings have internal structure.
atoms
composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Chemical Bonds
when atoms combine by sharing/transferring valence electrons -covalent, ionic, hydrogen
molecules
groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Elementary substances
are composed of identical particles made of free or bonded atoms of the same type
Chemical Compounds
a combination of two or more elements, chemically combined
Ionic compounds
tend to be solids with high melting points that conduct electricity when dissolved in water or in the liquid state.
Molecular compounds
are variable in their state of matter and in general are not food electrical conductors in any phase.
Metals
are usually solids at room temperature and conduct heat and electricity remarkably well.
Non metals
are gases under the same conditions as metals and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metalloids
They share properties of both nonmetals and metals
Mass Spectrometry
A technique for measuring the mass, and therefore the molecular weight of ions.
Empirical formula.
The formula that represents the simplest ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound.
Chromatography
-Substances can be separated from each other according to how soluble they are in a particular solvent: the more water-soluble the substance, the farther it will creep (diffuse) along the chromatography paper in a polar solvent. Nonpolar substances will move farther in a nonpolar solvent.…
Organobromines
are organic compounds made up of molecules in which carbon atoms are bonded to bromine atoms.
Avogadro's number
6.02x1023 Number of particles, molecules, atoms in a mole
Standard conditions
-1atm 273.15 K (0C)
concentration
how much of a substance we have per unit volume of the mixture
Carbon
Is black
Hydrogen
Is grey
Oxygen
is red
nitrogen
is blue
Potential energy...
Is related to temperature. More heat=less potential energy
Configurations are related to...
pressure
Lower potential energy=
more favorable
more pressure
less configurations
father apart=
more potential energy
closer together=
more kinetic energy, less potential energy, more favorable
Why do water puddles eventually disappear?
Faster particles at the surface of the liquid are constantly escaping and being blown away.
Why does the coiling temperature of water decrease with decreasing external pressure?
Water particles in the liquid phase have to push the surrounding gas (air) to escape; the higher the external pressure the higher the kinetic energy needed for particles to push the surrounding gas.
Phase stability
for any given substance, different phases are stable at different values of temperature and pressure.
Volatile
higher vapor pressure at the same time
Pressure and temperature are...
Directly proportional meaning that as one increases so does the other.
A solid...
Has low potential energy and low configurations
Gas...
Has high potential energy and high configurations
Molar mass
is finding the atomic mass and then multiplying each mass by the number of atoms and then adding each element together.
Empirical formula
is a formula giving the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual numbers or arrangements of atoms.
atomic mass
the bottom number on the periodic element in the table.
Mass and speed
more mass the less speed.. Also related to kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy = 1/2 x Mass x Speed2
...
Relationship between Kinetic energy and potential energy
If potential energy decreases then the kinetic energy increases.
Ion
charged particle
Atomic number means
the number of protons
isotope
one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons, thus differing in atomic mass
Mass spectrometry
an instrumental method for identifying the chemical constitution of a substance by means of the separation of gaseous ions according to their differing mass and charge —called also mass spectroscopy.
sublimation
when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas

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