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egoistic dominance
interaction style characterized by verbal aggression that intends to demonstrate superiority over other participants in the interaction
expectations states theory
states that group members form expectations about their own and others' abilities, which influence the nature of interactions
minimal response
response that encourages the speaker to continue, such as "uh-huh" or "okay"
negative social behavior
behavior during group interaction that could harm a relationship, such as disagreement and provoking conflict
positive social behavior
social behaviors engaged in during group interactions that are intended to maintain group harmony
prosocial dominance
interaction style characterized by providing instruction or between those involved in the interaction
relational aggression
aggressive interaction behavior usually expressed by girls that is characterized by social alienation tactics such as excluding someone from an activity or threatening to not be a person's friend anymore
task behavior
social behavior, such as asking questions and offering suggestions, that is directed toward achieving a specific goal
Women are more likely to use the _______ style of leadership.
transformational
Men are more likely to use the _______ style of leadership.
transformational
the most effective style of leadership
transformational
Status theory is best for explaining sex differences in ____ and ____, but not ______.
interaction styles & language; nonverbal behavior
Social Role Theory is best for explaining sex differences in _______.
nonverbal behavior
Girls play in ___, boys play in ____.
dyads; groups
_____ play is more gender-stereotyped than ______ play.
Same-sex; mixed-sex
What are some reasons for the same-sex play preference among children?
different play styles girls have difficulty influencing boys institutional support
Girls play and communication style is _____, while boys' is ______.
prosocial dominance; egoistic dominance
Women exhibit _____, while men exhibit _______ and _______.
positive social behavior; negative behavior & task behavior
Sex differences in interaction styles depend on...
group composition of same-sex or mixed-sex nature of the task laboratory setting (more common in lab studies)
Men's language is more....
direct, succinct, and instrumental
Women's language is...
more indirect, elaborative, and affective
Sex differences in language: variables
sex of interaction partner length of interaction
nonverbal behavior examples
smiling gazing decoding (interpersonal sensitivity) encoding (accuracy in conveying emotion) touching
in terms of nonverbal language, women are better at/do more...
smiling, gazing, expressing emotions, accurately understanding others' emotions, standing closer, and touching others
In leadership, _____ factors matter more than ______ characteristics.
situational; dispositional
Why are women more easily influenced?
Because men and women are more agreeable to women, and agreeing leads to influence
Men are more likely to emerge as leaders when...
task leadership is needed nature of task isn't specified interaction is shorter
Women are more likely to emerge as leaders when...
social leadership is needed
Women who use both ____ and ____ qualities are viewed as better leaders.
agentic & communal
3 sources of information for emotion:
experiencing emotion nonverbal expressions of emotion physiological responses to emotional stimuli
Women's sources of emotion are attributed to _____ causes, while men's are attributed to ______ causes.
internal; situational/external
2 levels of analysis for studying sex & friendship
dispositional (person's characteristics) structural (positions in society)
Both men and women agree that _____ aspects are more important than _____ aspects in friendships.
affective; instrumental
Rochester Interaction Record
described nature of day-to-day/moment-to-moment interactions; measure of closeness
Men are capable of _____ and ____, but just prefer not to engage in it as often as women do.
intimacy & self-disclosure
audience challenge
concern that cross-sex friends have about how their relationship is viewed by others
autonomy versus connectedness
conflict encountered by friends at work when the regular exposure to one another required by the work relationship begins to interfere with individual feelings of autonomy
co-rumination
discussing problems repeatedly in the context of a relationship
dispositional level of analysis
emphasizes the characteristics of the person as a determinant of the friendship
emotional bond challenge
challenge faced by cross-sex friendship whereby the friends must decide if the closeness they feel toward one another is friendship or romantic love
equality challenge
challenge faced by cross-sex friendships because the equality central to friendship conflicts with the status hierarchy typically associated with male/female relationships
homophily
the tendency to form friendships with persons of the same race or ethnicity
homophobia
fear of homosexuality or fear of appearing homosexual
impartiality versus favoritism
situation encountered by friends at work when the desire to give a friend special treatment conflicts with the necessity to treat all workers the same
judgment vs acceptance
difficulty experienced by friends at work when the mutual acceptance expected of friendship conflicts with the requirement that one friend critically evaluate the other
openness versus closedness
situation encountered by friends at work when the expectation of the honest communication central to friendship conflicts with the necessity to keep professional confidences
opportunity challenges
difficulty experienced when attempting to establish a cross-sex friendship that results from the fact that members of the same sex are generally more accessible
outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency to see members of the outgroup as all alike, more similar than different, as compared to the ingroup to which one attributes greater diversity
role conflict
situation that occurs when the demands of one role are inconsistent with the demands of another role
sexual challenge
challenge faced by cross-sex friendship whereby the friends must ask themselves if there is a sexual attraction between them that could lead to a romantic relationship
structural level of analysis
emphasizes the different positions or roles of men and women hold in society as a determinant of friendship
evolutionary theory
states that social behavior is shaped by survival of genes
social role theory
theory that states men's and women's behavior is a function of the roles that they hold in society
social construction theory
states that women's and men's behavior is determined by the context in which they are in, which includes the norms or rules of a society
script
schema or cognitive representation for a sequence of events
What are 3 barriers to closeness in men's friendships?
competition homophobia emotional inexpressiveness
personal development competition
competition for self-improvement healthy for both males and females
Which sex slightly desires marriage more?
men
What are characteristics that both sexes look for in a mate?
kind, understanding, honest, sense of humor, open, expressive
Why do both sexes enter romantic relationships?
support, companionship
When are sex differences in romantic relationships more likely to appear?
when the relationship is less serious
Sex differences: Men prefer __, women prefer ___.
physical attractiveness; economic resources
Sex differences: Men prefer __, women prefer ___.
over time & across cultures
What is the weakness of evolutionary theory?
It does not explain why men prefer a woman with domestic skills
What is the weakness of social role theory?
It does not explain why men prefer physical attractiveness in women
What is the shared strength of evolutionary theory and social role theory?
Both explain why women have a preference for mates with economic resources
Which sex makes the initiative in romantic relationships?
men (proactive)

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