67 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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egoistic dominance
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interaction style characterized by verbal aggression that intends to demonstrate superiority over other participants in the interaction
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expectations states theory
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states that group members form expectations about their own and others' abilities, which influence the nature of interactions
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minimal response
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response that encourages the speaker to continue, such as "uh-huh" or "okay"
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negative social behavior
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behavior during group interaction that could harm a relationship, such as disagreement and provoking conflict
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positive social behavior
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social behaviors engaged in during group interactions that are intended to maintain group harmony
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prosocial dominance
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interaction style characterized by providing instruction or between those involved in the interaction
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relational aggression
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aggressive interaction behavior usually expressed by girls that is characterized by social alienation tactics such as excluding someone from an activity or threatening to not be a person's friend anymore
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task behavior
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social behavior, such as asking questions and offering suggestions, that is directed toward achieving a specific goal
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Women are more likely to use the _______ style of leadership.
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transformational
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Men are more likely to use the _______ style of leadership.
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transformational
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the most effective style of leadership
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transformational
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Status theory is best for explaining sex differences in ____ and ____, but not ______.
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interaction styles & language;
nonverbal behavior
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Social Role Theory is best for explaining sex differences in _______.
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nonverbal behavior
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Girls play in ___, boys play in ____.
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dyads; groups
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_____ play is more gender-stereotyped than ______ play.
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Same-sex;
mixed-sex
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What are some reasons for the same-sex play preference among children?
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different play styles
girls have difficulty influencing boys
institutional support
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Girls play and communication style is _____, while boys' is ______.
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prosocial dominance;
egoistic dominance
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Women exhibit _____, while men exhibit _______ and _______.
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positive social behavior;
negative behavior & task behavior
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Sex differences in interaction styles depend on...
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group composition of same-sex or mixed-sex
nature of the task
laboratory setting (more common in lab studies)
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Men's language is more....
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direct, succinct, and instrumental
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Women's language is...
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more indirect, elaborative, and affective
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Sex differences in language: variables
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sex of interaction partner
length of interaction
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nonverbal behavior examples
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smiling
gazing
decoding (interpersonal sensitivity)
encoding (accuracy in conveying emotion)
touching
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in terms of nonverbal language, women are better at/do more...
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smiling, gazing, expressing emotions, accurately understanding others' emotions, standing closer, and touching others
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In leadership, _____ factors matter more than ______ characteristics.
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situational;
dispositional
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Why are women more easily influenced?
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Because men and women are more agreeable to women, and agreeing leads to influence
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Men are more likely to emerge as leaders when...
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task leadership is needed
nature of task isn't specified
interaction is shorter
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Women are more likely to emerge as leaders when...
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social leadership is needed
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Women who use both ____ and ____ qualities are viewed as better leaders.
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agentic & communal
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3 sources of information for emotion:
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experiencing emotion
nonverbal expressions of emotion
physiological responses to emotional stimuli
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Women's sources of emotion are attributed to _____ causes, while men's are attributed to ______ causes.
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internal; situational/external
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2 levels of analysis for studying sex & friendship
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dispositional (person's characteristics)
structural (positions in society)
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Both men and women agree that _____ aspects are more important than _____ aspects in friendships.
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affective;
instrumental
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Rochester Interaction Record
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described nature of day-to-day/moment-to-moment interactions; measure of closeness
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Men are capable of _____ and ____, but just prefer not to engage in it as often as women do.
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intimacy & self-disclosure
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audience challenge
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concern that cross-sex friends have about how their relationship is viewed by others
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autonomy versus connectedness
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conflict encountered by friends at work when the regular exposure to one another required by the work relationship begins to interfere with individual feelings of autonomy
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co-rumination
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discussing problems repeatedly in the context of a relationship
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dispositional level of analysis
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emphasizes the characteristics of the person as a determinant of the friendship
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emotional bond challenge
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challenge faced by cross-sex friendship whereby the friends must decide if the closeness they feel toward one another is friendship or romantic love
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equality challenge
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challenge faced by cross-sex friendships because the equality central to friendship conflicts with the status hierarchy typically associated with male/female relationships
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homophily
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the tendency to form friendships with persons of the same race or ethnicity
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homophobia
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fear of homosexuality or fear of appearing homosexual
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impartiality versus favoritism
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situation encountered by friends at work when the desire to give a friend special treatment conflicts with the necessity to treat all workers the same
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judgment vs acceptance
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difficulty experienced by friends at work when the mutual acceptance expected of friendship conflicts with the requirement that one friend critically evaluate the other
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openness versus closedness
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situation encountered by friends at work when the expectation of the honest communication central to friendship conflicts with the necessity to keep professional confidences
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opportunity challenges
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difficulty experienced when attempting to establish a cross-sex friendship that results from the fact that members of the same sex are generally more accessible
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outgroup homogeneity effect
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the tendency to see members of the outgroup as all alike, more similar than different, as compared to the ingroup to which one attributes greater diversity
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role conflict
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situation that occurs when the demands of one role are inconsistent with the demands of another role
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sexual challenge
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challenge faced by cross-sex friendship whereby the friends must ask themselves if there is a sexual attraction between them that could lead to a romantic relationship
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structural level of analysis
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emphasizes the different positions or roles of men and women hold in society as a determinant of friendship
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evolutionary theory
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states that social behavior is shaped by survival of genes
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social role theory
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theory that states men's and women's behavior is a function of the roles that they hold in society
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social construction theory
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states that women's and men's behavior is determined by the context in which they are in, which includes the norms or rules of a society
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script
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schema or cognitive representation for a sequence of events
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What are 3 barriers to closeness in men's friendships?
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competition
homophobia
emotional inexpressiveness
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personal development competition
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competition for self-improvement
healthy for both males and females
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Which sex slightly desires marriage more?
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men
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What are characteristics that both sexes look for in a mate?
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kind, understanding, honest, sense of humor, open, expressive
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Why do both sexes enter romantic relationships?
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support, companionship
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When are sex differences in romantic relationships more likely to appear?
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when the relationship is less serious
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Sex differences: Men prefer __, women prefer ___.
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physical attractiveness;
economic resources
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Sex differences: Men prefer __, women prefer ___.
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over time & across cultures
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What is the weakness of evolutionary theory?
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It does not explain why men prefer a woman with domestic skills
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What is the weakness of social role theory?
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It does not explain why men prefer physical attractiveness in women
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What is the shared strength of evolutionary theory and social role theory?
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Both explain why women have a preference for mates with economic resources
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Which sex makes the initiative in romantic relationships?
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men (proactive)
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