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PHL 292: EXAM 1
Argument |
An ________ is a series of sentences in which some of them (the premises) are supposed to provide evidence in favor of the last (conclusion.
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Validity |
An argument is _____ if the arguments conclusion cannot be false if the argument's premises are true.
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Soundness |
An argument is ______ if the argument is (1) valid AND (2) all of the arguments premises are true.
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Forms of Validity
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Modus Tollens
& Modus Ponens, not the only two forms
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Modus Tollens (MT)
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1.If P then Q
2. Not-Q
3. Therefore not P
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Modus Ponens (MP)
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1. If P then Q
2. P
3. Therefore Q
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Project of Normative Ethical Theory
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The fundamental ________ is the attempt to discover, properly formulate, and defend a criterion of moral rightness for act tokens.
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Act Type
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An _____ is a repeatable kind of action; something that can be performed by different people at different times and places.
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Act Token
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An ____ is a non-repeatable concrete individual action; something that is performed at one time, in one place, by a particular person.
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Agent |
The ______ of the action is the person who performs the action.
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Morally Right
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An act token is ________, permissible, OK, allowed, possible to do, "all right", or acceptable from the point of view of morality.
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Morally Wrong
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An act token is _______, it would not be morally right to perform.
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Morally Obligatory
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An act token is ______ if there is no alternative to the act token that is morally right.
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Criterion |
The _____ of a morally right action is a non-trivial, interesting statement of this form: "An act token is morally right if an only if…" It is designed to systematize and explain our judgments about which act tokens are morally right.
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Cultural Relativism (Criterion)
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An act is morally right if and only if it is permitted by the moral code of the society of its agent at the time of its performance.
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Society |
______ (x) is a collection of people, living in proximity to each other, sharing a language, religion, cuisine, and culture.
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Moral Codes
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The ______ of a society at a time is the system of moral rules that is accepted among the members of that society at that given time.
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Cultural Differences Argument
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1. Different societies have different moral codes
2. If different societies have different moral codes, then cultural relativism must be true
3. Therefore cultural relativism is true
TT: criterion, CR, society, moral code, morally wrong, act tokens, agents,
-Argues in favor of cultural relativism,
-Valid: Modus Ponens form
-Not Sound: 2nd premise could be false by critic's dilemma
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Moral Critic
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A ______ is a person who believes that some part of his own's society's moral code is incorrect; believing that acts declared to be wrong by that code are in fact right, or that acts declared by that code to be right are in fact wrong
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The Critic's Dilemma
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1. If cultural relativism is true, then every moral critic is mistaken
2. It's not the case that every moral critic is mistaken
3. Therefore, it's not the case that cultural relativism is true
-Argues against cultural relativism
-Valid: Modus Tollens form
-Proves the 2nd premise in the cultural difference argument wrong
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Divine Command Theory (Criterion)
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An act token is morally right if and only if it is permitted by God's commands (broadly or narrowly construed).
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Plato's argument
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1. If divine command is the correct moral theory, then morality is arbitrary
2. It's not the case that morality is arbitrary
3. Therefore, its not the case that divine command is the correct moral theory
-Argues against DC theory in The Euthyphro
-Valid: Modus Tollens form
-Sound: Because it is valid, & all of it's premises are true (morality is not arbitrary)
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Act Utilitarianism (Criterion)
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An act token is morally right if and only if it maximizes hedonic utility
Insight on Utilitarianism:
1. Rightness of an action depends on the value of it's consequences
2.The value of the consequences depends of the amounts of please and pain it contains
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5 Assumptions about Pleasure & Pain
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1. Pleasure and Pain are feelings, or sensations
2. Both P & P come in "episodes"- events that consists in someone's feeling pleasure/pain at some time.
3. Every episode of pleasure or pain has duration- a measure of how long it lasts
4. Every episode of please of pain has intensity-measure of how "strongly pleasant" the feeling is
5. The amount of pleasure or pain in an episode is determined by multiplying intensity by duration to yield "herons" (for pleasure) or "dolors" (for pain)
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Hedonic Utility
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The ______ of an act token results from subtracting the total number of dolors of pain in the consequence from the total number of herons of pleasure in the consequence of the act.
HU= (# Hedons - # Dolors)
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Maximization
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________ of hedonic utility is if no alternative to the act token has a higher hedonic utility than that act token has.
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PEE Procedure
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Present- State the argument/clear/whole thing/general
Explain- First define all technical terms used in the argument & ones you make use of. Second Defend EACH premise of the argument: give a justification, explain why the author of the argument believes the line & what he would say in the defense of the line.
Evaluate- 1) Valid? 2) Form? 3.) Sound? 4) Pick a line (PAL) to object, PAL for which one/why its unsound.
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Maxim |
Someone acts from ____ in performing action; ____ is a general principle in identifying someone's reason for performing an action; it explains what circumstance that person takes themselves to be in, what they are trying to accomplish in performing that action, and why
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Universaliz-ability
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someones maxim is ________ =df it is possible for someone to consistently will that every agent acts on maxims in all applicable situations
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Imperatives
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____ a sentence that tells someone what to do
Hypothetical Imp: imperative that applies to someone only on the condition that particular someone has some specific goal or purpose in mind-conditional
Categorical Imp: an imperative that applies to someone unconditionally, no matter what purposes or goals that someone may have
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Moral Duties
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_____ are categorical imperatives. According to Kant, all moral duties are categorical, not hypothetical imperatives. That is they apply no matter what our desires or goals are
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KCI |
Kant's Categorical Imperative: an act token is morally right if an only if in performing the action, the agent of the action acts from a universalizable maxim (The formulation of Universal Law)
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Lying Argument against KCI
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1.If KCI is true, then every act token involving lying is morally wrong
2. It is not the case that every act token involving lying is morally wrong
3. Therefore KCI is not true
Valid: form MT
Sound: yes
No PAL
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