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COM 350: TEST 1
What are the 3 major approaches to communication?
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1. Comm. as Information Transfer
2. Comm. as Transactional Process
2. Comm. as Strategic Control
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Communication as Information Transfer
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Tube metaphor
Comm. as ONE-WAY information flow and a tool people use to accomplish objectives
intended meaning understood by receiver
Probs: Info overload, distortion, ambiguity
SMCR Model
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Communication as Transactional Process
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Goal is to comm. understanding/agreement
Sender & Receiver at same time/can't distinguish b/w the 2
"You cannot not comm."
Shared meaning
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Communication
as Strategic Control
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Strategic ambiguity- better to be vague
Clarity is no longer the goal
coordinated actions accomplished through diverse interpretations of meanings
Minimizes importance of ethics
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Globalization |
Brand is recognizable worldwide (Starbucks, Coke, Apple)
It is cultural (Starbucks tailoring drink menu depending on what country its in)
Probs: environment and labor mistreatment issues, shuts down small businesses
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3 types of Globalization:
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1. Globalization 1.0- 16th Century global movement of people products, country going global
2. Globalization 2.0- 19th & 20th century, globalization through company for market and labor.
3. Globalization 3.0- individuals going global
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What is Upward Distortion
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Difficulty with information traveling upwards in an organization with many levels and hierarchy
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What are the 3 major types of authority in a bureaucracy?
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1. Charismatic Authority
2. Traditional Authority
3. Legal/Rational Authority
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Charismatic Authority
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based on personal characteristics, religious leaders/entrepreneurs.
Ex: Jesus, Oprah, MLK
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Traditional Authority
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Based on custom monarchy, "that just the way we do it here"
Ex: Queen of England
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Legal/Rational Authority
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based on formal rules and procedures, modern nation state, bureaucratic leaders
Ex: The President
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What are the key elements of a Bureaucracy?
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You belong to ONE specific department (Ex: PR, Sales, Accounting)
Fixed division of labor
Clearly defined hierarchy
Job Applicants chosen off technical qualifications
Employees paid a fixed salary
Promotion based on seniority & acheivements
written rules governing performance of duties & work behavior
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What are the advantages of a bureaucracy?
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Based on merit
Good for large organizations
A set of rules and practices that can be learned, applied constantly, and passed down
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What are disadvantages of a bureaucracy?
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Over centralization of power
Threat to individuality
Formal over substantial rationality
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What is the classic rational model of decision-making?
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Rational thinking, no emotion. I.E. finding perfect man
Assumption of an almost perfect, rational man
Assumes a persons affect has no effect on his decision-making
Maximizing rule
Org. as info-processing entities (org can be broken down into little bits of info)
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Describe and explain Simon's administrative model of decision-making?
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Practical
Bounded Rationality
Satisficing rule
Organizations as a hierarchy of decisional premises- a values that guides decisions
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Bounded Rationality
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Human beings as "bounded rational"- a focus on the emotional experience of organizational life
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Satisficing Rule
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Suffices & Satisfies
Ex: Just settling for a man instead of finding perfect one.
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What is the Garbage Can Model of decision-making?
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When all possible solutions, feeling, related issues, etc... for a problem are dumped together and a solutions can be matched b/w problems, solutions, resources, and participants.
-Nonrationalitic/irrational
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Bounded emotionally
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the notion that there are certain defined limits that shape how we are allowed to act in an organization, with the emotional side of our being typically suppressed in favor or the "rational" side.
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Emotional Labor
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When jobs demand that employees control their emotions when at work/ employees are encouraged to exaggerate certain types of emotion
Ex: Disney- employees overly excited and happy
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Edgar Scheins conceptualization of organizational culture is residing on 3 levels
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1. Artifacts- how ppl comm. culture
2. Values & Behavioral norms
3. Core beliefs & Assumptions- fundamental beliefs of a companies culture and values
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What is socialization?
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The process through which an organization communicates its cultures especially to new members
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What are the 3 stages in socialization process?
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1. Anticipatory- how you expect org. to be before you're there
2. Encounter- learn how organization works/its culture
3. Metamorphosis- stage of change. You adapt
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· What are Martin’s 3 approaches to organizational culture (integration, differentiation, & fragmentation)?
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1 Integration- dress code
2 Differentiation- subcultures, different behavioral norms
3. Fragmentation- there is no cohesive culture, people don’t know whats going on/don’t understand each other.
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Corporate Culture Theory
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o Says culture is a tool that management creates, maintains, & manipulates to increase productivity
o “Culture is a rational instrument designed by top management to shape the behavior of the employees in positive ways.
o Strong culture vs. Weak culture (ppl disagree with each other)
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Comparative Management Theory
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o Says that culture is something that is important to an organization.
o Compare how companies operate in different parts of the world & attribute the differences to the varied national cultures
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What are the characteristics of culture?
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o Culture is a system of meaning that guides the construction of reality in a social community.
o Dynamic
o Pluralistic
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What is the central thesis of the human relations movement?
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Improved human relations lead to improved efficiency & productivity
Investigated the link b/w the task and the socio-emotional dimensions of the group process in more detail.
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Describe and explain McGregor’s theory Y management?
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Theory Y:
Assumption: employees could be intrinsically motivated
A more participative and facilitative management style
Theory X:
Assumption: employees are externally motivated.
Control-oriented, bureaucratic style of management
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Describe and explain Taylor’s theory of scientific management?
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Principles:
Codifying workers skills into scientific laws (the time and motion studies)
Scientific selection and training of labor
Standardized work process
Efficiency as the supreme value
Motivation by fear and money
Dominant form of organizing: hierarchy
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Describe Weick’s retrospective sense making?
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When you make sense of a decision after the fact, as we reconstruct them & especially as we recount them to others.
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What organizational structure epitomizes rationality?
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o Bureaucracy in modern organizational life
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What is rationality?
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o Ordering our world based on reason
o Using observable facts & logical reasoning to reach objective conclusions
o Usually connects the idea of being reasonable, sensible, sane, and systematic.
o Rationality relative
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What are the 3 alternative organizational structures?
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1 Matrix- you belong to specific departments & specific projects (combination of bureaucracy & project organization)
2 Project- Highly flexible, boundaries b/w departments eliminated, unpredictable, you belong to whatever project you’re working on.
3 Loosely coupled organic network- Based on alliances/ outsourcing.
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What are the Key Elements of Organizational Structure?
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1 Hierarchy
a. Most important dimension of org.
b. Upward Distortion (difficult for info to travel up)
2 Differentiation & Specialization
a. Difficulty with info traveling b/w departments
b. Implications for comm.
3 Formalization
a. Implications for comm.- Ex: tons of paperwork just for buying pizza for students
b. Roberts Rules of Orders- book about how to conduct proper bus. Meetings
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What is Organizational Structure?
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1 The solid parts of an org/ the framework that gives an org a shape over time
2 Pre-specified for a given situation
3 Emerges from the comm. process and determines further comm. process
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What is Network Organizations?
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o New organization for globalization age
o Horizontal corporation
o Flexible
o Team-based
o Comp. builds very quickly b/c of outsourcing which is cheap and fast
o Ex: H&M, Forever 21
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What is Multinational Corporations?
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o Global organization of production and distribution (old industrial age organizations)
o Vertical Integration
Ex: Wal-Mart- big organization with lots of layers of hierarchy
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What are the 4 key dimensions of globalization proposed by Held & McGrew?
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1 Extensity of networks
2 Intensity of interconnectedness
3 Speed of global flows
4 Infrastructures that allow it to happen
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What is the SMCR model of communications?
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o Sender, message, channel, receiver
o Effective only when receiver correctly interprets message
o Most classic model
o Problems: miscommunication, info overload, distortion, ambiguity
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What is organizational communication?
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A whole array of things, such as symbols, messages, interactions, relationships, networks, and larger discourses.
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