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COM 350: TEST 3
conflict |
"interaction of inter-dependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interface from one another in achieving them"
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latent,perceived, felt, and manifest
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what are the 4 phases of organizational conflict?
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feltfelt |
phase where conflict is personalized(this is affecting me and it is crisis time!)
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latent |
phase that includes interdependence and the existence of possible incompatibility.
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perceived |
phase where conflict is cognitively recognized(this is something that is out there that i should be aware of)
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manifest |
phase where conflict is communicated through words or behaviors. People go through cycles to cope with the conflict.
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latent |
phase example:senior year, get an internship. Get there and 19 other people got it too. The situation is being set up for conflict
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perceived |
phase example: you recognize there is a conflict. Manager says they will hire 5 interns, now there is a real competition/conflict
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felt |
phase example:feels personal to you. Management says they are interested in you and another intern equally well...they will watch then pick one. Now they are a direct competitor
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manifest |
phase example: conflict management styles emerge; envision how to handle conflict. It is communicated in some way.
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attribution biases
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logics for understandingconflict
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their character, outside circumstances, good character
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attribution bias--others do me wrong it's a flaw in ____ _____ verses i do others wrong, it's bc of the _____ ______. But is I do right it's my _____ ______.
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actor-observer bias
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ex:"your career failures are your fault, mine are due to my disadvantages"
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false consensus effect
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ex:"nobody in their right mind would ever disagree with this proposal"
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self serving bias
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ex:"we will get a low grade only if the instructor has a bad day because we clearly did a great job"
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the big "T" truth
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the notion that absolute truth or objective truth exists. The idea that we can discover the "real" story of what happened.
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accounts
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stories for making sense of conflicts
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perspectives
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accounts are based on our little truths--our ______, never paint the whole picture.
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biased |
recognize when we think about our conflicts or tell about our conflicts; we are giving accounts that are always ____ in some way
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framing |
the importance of _____ in accounts:"you flew off the handle" vs "you yelled" vs "you felt what I did was unfair and so you told me so"
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conflict management styles
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you should consider how your ____ ___ ____ affect the aftermath or outcome of conflict
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compete, collaborate, avoid, accommodate, compromise
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thomas-kilmann conflict management styles- what are the 5 styles?
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relationship, importance of issues, and the consequences
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what 3 things should one consider about how their conflict management styles affect the outcome of conflict?
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competing |
assertive and uncooperative—an individual pursues his own concerns at the other person's expense. This is a power-oriented mode in which you use whatever power seems appropriate to win your own position—your ability to argue, your rank, or economic sanctions. Competing means "standing up for your rights," defending a position which you believe is correct, or simply trying to win.
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accommodating
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unassertive and cooperative—the complete opposite of competing. the individual neglects his own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode. might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another's point of view.
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avoiding |
unassertive and uncooperative—the person neither pursues his own concerns nor those of the other individual. Thus he does not deal with the conflict. might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation.
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collaborating |
both assertive and cooperative—the complete opposite of avoiding. it involves an attempt to work with others to find some solution that fully satisfies their concerns. It means digging into an issue to pinpoint the underlying needs and wants of the two individuals. between two persons might take the form of exploring a disagreement to learn from each other's insights or trying to find a creative solution to an interpersonal problem.
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compromising
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moderate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. objective=find some expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties. It falls between competing and accommodating. gives up more than competing but less than accommodating.it addresses an issue more directly than avoiding, but does not explore it in as much depth as collaborating. might mean splitting the difference between the two positions, exchanging concessions, or seeking a quick middle-ground solution.
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change |
"succession of differences in time within a persisting identity"
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technology, administration, products & services, human resources
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what are 4 types of change
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products/services
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and example of ________: netflix rep wrote an email that was disrespectful to customers...led to a lot less customers of the company
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human resources
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change example: maternity leave changes
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discursive |
_____ change= shows much change when there is not much change---not very well represented
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substantive |
_____ change=actualchange
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minor, status quo
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in the 1st order degree of change is _____ and incremental so as to maintain the __________(everyone agrees)
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transformation
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second order degree of change: total _________, becoming a whole new thing; think out of the box
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view |
the 2nd order is based on how members _____ the change
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online student evaluations verses paper/pen evaluations
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give an example of second order change
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self interests, self esteem
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resistance to change: threats to ____ ______ and to ___ ____
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averse |
sometimes there are uncertain outcomes of resistance to change--most of us are risk _____.
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food revolution
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what was the example in class dealing with resistance to change?
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too frequent changes and distrust of management
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___________ and __________ also contribute to resistance to change
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true |
t or f: resistance to change can be overt or covert.
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fear of uncertainty and less satisfying outcomes
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example:the director of School Lunch Programs afraid Jamie's plan wouldn't work. what did she fear?
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ego/ self esteem
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this threatened their _______ example: alice and the cooks felt criticized.
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self interest
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threats to ___-____. Example: more work for the cooks and kids don't get the food that they crave.
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facts, face to face, direct supervisor
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Larkin and Larkin--programmed change:communicate _____ only(not values--employees won't believe them and do not want to be told how to feel), communicate __-_-____, and let ________ communicate with employees.
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joint diagnosis
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adaptive change(Beer): mobilize commitment through ___ ______.
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shared |
adaptive change:develop ____ vision
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spread the ideas
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adaptive change: allow the people(not the CEO) to _________________.
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policies and structures
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adaptive change: institutionalize change through new ____ and ______.
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strategies |
adaptive change: monitor and adjust _____ as needed
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PROGRAMMED (Larkin & Larkin), and ADAPTIVE (Beer)
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In Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution, he tried what 2 approaches to change?
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... |
give an example of programmed change that Jamie used during the show.
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... |
give an example of adaptive change that Jamie used during the show.
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technophobia
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fear or dislike of technology, especially computers
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techno-0ptimism
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(having the concern that technology could be used to make the world worse,) but having the hope that it could be steered to make the world better
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techno-optimistic bc i look forward to what is to come. I look at how far we have come and all that we have accomplished, and I know that technology will help us in the long run. On the other hand, it hurts face to face contact and distances us from friends/family. Also it is putting humans out of jobs
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which best characterizes you and why?
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technological determinism/ human agency
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____ _____-theory that presumes that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values. verses ____ _____-the capacity for humans to make choices
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Orgs adopt new media bc they have to keep up with the technology that everyone is using. More media, less human agency
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How can technological determinism and human agency be used to explain media adoption by organizations?
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... |
do you believe technological determinism or human agency has more of an impact on why we adopt the next new technology? Why or why not?
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synchronous technology
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type of technology that requires simultaneous use by both parties
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phone convo, Skype, imstant messenger, face to face
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give some examples of synchronous technology
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asynchronous
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type of technology that allows parties to interact at their own convenience. Both do not have to be present at the same time in order to communicate.
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email, text messaging, fax, voicemail, Facebook
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give some examples of asynchronous technology
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i think it makes things easier and more convenient, but it costs us a tight knit relationship bc disconnects us with others. also, a person that is timely responding to a message might expect another to be as quick with a response. We can see when someone has read a text or seen a snapchat- it costs us PRIVACY
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do asynchronous media really offer us increased convenience, or does convenience come with a price?
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social influence model
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This occurs when one's opinions or behaviors are affected by others. Which model is this?
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1)characteristics of a medium
2)norms regarding technology use in an org and in other orgs
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the Social Influence Model: besides the characteristics of the media and the characteristics of the task, other factors influencing media adoption include 1)_________________ and 2)______________________.
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instant v. delayed feedback and images v. text
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[ the social influence model] Name 2 characteristics of a medium that influence media adoption( _______ verses ________ and ______ verses ________)
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it's all about what others are doing---ex: email verses calling a co-worker. ex: students submit work via Blackboard or a hard copy.
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[ the social influence model] Name some norms regarding technology use in an organization and in other organizations that influence media adoption.
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1)media carry info; data carrying capacity
2)media represent values; symbol carrying capacity
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the dual capacity model states that any communication medium has 2 capabilities: 1)________________ and 2)____________________________.
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technology |
in the dual capacity model, the __________ is the message.
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people start using the technology and soon others jump onboard
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the critical mass theory=a "critical mass" of users required for the general diffusion and success of the medium. What is the key to this theory?
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Blu-ray overtook HD DVD, iPod overtook other mp3 players, Facebook overtook MySpace
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what are 3 examples of critical mass in a society?
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richness, Media Richness Theory
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______ means hoe much info a particular medium can carry. Media all have different degrees to which they can carry this information. What is this theory called?
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fire alarm
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give an example of lean media
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face to face interaction
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give an example of rich media
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complex |
when choosing a medium for tour message, you consider how _____ the message is.
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to tell someone exactly where to meet you
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give an example of some type of task you might use lean media for?
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To break up with someone, or discuss an important conflict
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give an example of some type of task you might use rich media for?
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1)social influence model
2)dual capacity model
3)critical mass theory
4)media richness theory
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Overview: what are the 4 theories that attempt to explain why users choose certain media over others when communicating?
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someone might choose a medium depending on its characteristics, like if i want to send a text verses a picture, or if i want to instantly receive feedback or if delayed feedback is ok. Also I might choose a certain medium according to what everyone else is using.
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how does the social influence theory attempt to explain why users choose to use certain media over others when communicating?
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someone might choose a certain media according to how much data it can carry (gb on a phone) or by the symbol it portrays(apple portrays a high-tech system)
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how does the dual capacity model attempt to explain why users choose to use certain media over others when communicating?
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someone might choose a certain media based on the number of people using it and it's success, like the iPhone
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how does the critical mass theory attempt to explain why users choose to use certain media over others when communicating?
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someone might choose a certain media according to the complexity of the message--ambiguous=rich media, unambiguous=lean media
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how does the media richness theory attempt to explain why users choose to use certain media over others when communicating?
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Milton friedman's classic economic view of org ethics
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“the only one responsibility of business towards the society is the maximization of profits to the shareholders, within the legal framework and the ethical custom of the country”
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CSR-corporate social responsibility
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what was Friedman's view called? It forms the basis of many popular business models, but many of today's org leaders see this as a minimum.
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1)economic responsibilities
2)legal responsibilities
3)ethical responsibilities
4)philanthropic responsibilities
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what are Carroll's 4 levels of CSR?
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maximizing profits, minimizing losses, and streamlining for efficiency.
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the first tier of Carroll's pyramid is economic legal responsibilities/profitability. what does this mean?
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while maximizing profits, also abide by local, state, and national laws and work cooperatively with regulatory agencies to ensure corps are not engaging in practices that society universally considers wrong.
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the second level of carroll's pyramid is legal responsibilities. what does this mean?
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the corporation chooses not to engage in certain practices even though they may be legal if the company believes that doing so would cause societal harm. Example: Google choosing not to censor its search results in China despite laws to the contrary.
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the third level of Carroll's pyramid is ethical responsibilities. What does this mean?
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be a good citizen; improve the society in some way that goes beyond the core service that the business provides.
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the highest set of CSR goals are known as philanthropic responsibilities. What does this mean?
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1)Utility
2)Duty
3)Rights
4)Virtue
5)Relationship/ ethic of care
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what are the 5 ethical traditions?
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utility(mill)
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which ethical tradition, and who?? Outcome based, the ends justify the means. The individual owes collective. Greatest good for the greatest number
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Duty (Kant)
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which ethical tradition, and who? Concerned with obligations to others(the collective). Right is always right and wrong is always wrong, no matter the context. the act itself constitutes ethical action and not the consequences
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rights(Hobbes?Rawls)
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which ethical tradition and who? Ethics are universal and each person is born with basic, natural rights. It places individual rights over the collective convenience.
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injustices |
RIGHTS: Orgs should address _______________ through company policy or compliance with legally sanctioned rights.
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Virtue(Plato)
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which ethical tradition and who? Humans should strive toward self-actualization(becoming the best they can be). Do the right thing at the right time in the right way
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courage, wisdom, justice, integrity
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name the 4 virtues
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mission statements
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VIRTUES: orgs can shape values through _____ ______--leaders handling of crisis
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relationship/ethic of compassion
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which ethical tradition? Give and take in relationships, power with rather than power over, interdependence central to ethical behavior.
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