87 Cards in this Set
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sensationalizing
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what is the media's best interst in the CJ system?
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viewers
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the meida cares more about the number of ______ rather than the accuracy of the story
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when the media reaches a verdict before the jury
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what is trial by media?
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yes!
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is the public opion largely shaped by the media?
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age demographics
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what is the most prominent factor in crime rate?
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criminal justice
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socitey's response to crime
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crime
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an intentional act or omission in violatin of the criminal law, committed without deese or justification, and penalized by the government
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criminology
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study of why people commit crimes
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decreasing
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is the violent carime rate increasing or decreasing?
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50%
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over ______ percent reduction in the violent crime rate and murder rate
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media sensationalism
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tendency to presetn infomation about a crime in a way that provokes public interest and excitment and usually at the expense of accuracy
public opinon frequently contradicts findings from crime data
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for control and get more viewers
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why does the media densationalize the news?
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trial by media
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the media reaching a verdict in a case before the jury does
ex: casy anthony, OJ simpson
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increased
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since the 1950's has the public safety spending increased or decreased by government ?
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US
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what country has the number 1 incarceration rates?
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$1.7-$2 trillion dollars
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what is the annual cost of crime?
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no, many people fall are affected
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is white collar crime victimless?
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edwin sutherland
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who is the father of white collar crime?
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occupatioal position
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white collar criminals are respected members of the community who used their trusted _____ ________ to exploit the public
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social costs
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losing confidence in the market because lost money
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the ford pinto
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-gas tank placed six inches from rear bumper
-japanese compacts were coming out and ford wanted to rush production-"normalaized " the risk-aware of the design flow, refused to pay for a redesign, and decided it would be cheaper to pay off possible law suits
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the bill of rights
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the first ten amendments to our constution
ratified in 1791
was orginally ONLY applied to the federal government
designed to limit the power of the federal government
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the 1st amendment
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"the great amendment"
freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly and petition
categorized as freedom of expression
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2nd amendment
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often cited as the "right to bear arms"
relates to cases Heller and Mcdonald
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Heller
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what case is this?
second amendment protects an indiviudals's right to posses a firearm in federal enclaves.
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McDonald
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what case is this?
second amendemt now applies to individual states under the due process clause of the 14th amendment
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4th amendment
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what amendment?
-the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, no warrents shall issue but upon probably cause
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warrant
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written court order instructing that a certain act be carrie out. must be specific
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probable cause
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legal justification for an arrest, search or seizure, based on sufficient reason to think a crime has been commited "reasonable conclusion"
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search warrents
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authorities have to go before a neutral judge or magistrate and demonstarte probable cause
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exlussionary rule
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prohibits courts from considering illegally obtained evidence
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5th amendment
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what amendment is this?
-protects you against giving evidence against yourself via confession (taking the ___).
-protection against self incrimination (miranda)
-double jeopardy doctrine: prevents authorites from tyring you twice for the same crime
-guarantees Due Process- constituai…
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6th amendment
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what amendment is this?
-right to a fair trial
-speedy trial
-public trial
-fair and impartial jury
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8th amendment
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what amendment is this?
-protection against exessive bail, fines and against cruel and unusal punishment
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the 14th amendement
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what amendment is this?
-guarantees due process and equal protection
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due process clause
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-makes bill of rights appilable to individual states governments
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habeas corpus
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-appear in court the day of trial
-fundamental safeguard for indiviudal freedom against an arbitrary government
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bills of attainder
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consituation prohibits congress from passing _____ ___ ______
-legislative act declaring someone guilty of a crime and imposing punishment in absence of a trial
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ex post facto laws
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- any law that punishes an act that was not crimminal when committed
-the constitution protects this
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clear and present danger, obscene material, likely to incite or produce violence
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limits on the 1st amendment-
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No!
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does less guns insinuate less violent crimes?
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large metro areas
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what kind of area does most violent crime take place?
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search
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action by law enforcement officals that intrude on people's reasonable expectations of privacy
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seizure
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any use by police to deprive people of their liberty and property
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no must be specfic
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can warrants be general?
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totality of circumstances test
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A test originally formulated to evaluate whether a defendantÂ’s constitutional rights were violated in the eliciting of a confession
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-plain view doctrine -open fields doctrine
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when are warrants not required?
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plain view docterine
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-if visible legally permitted to be used as evidence
-this includes areas visible from the aire
-coolidge vs. new hamshire: court ruled that the search of coolidges car us invalid because it was not issued by a "neutral and detached magistrate."
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Weeks vs. US
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what case is this?
-exlusionary rule is created; illegaly seized evidence cannot be used against you
-huge check on police power
-ONLY APPLIED TO FEDERAL CASES
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Mapp vs. Ohio
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what case is this?
-extended the exclusionary rule to the states ( via the due process clause in the 14th amendment)
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california vs. greenwood
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what case is this?
4th amendment does NOT prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the curtilage of a home
-no reasonable expecation of privacy for trash on the side of the street
-what a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his o…
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Kyllo vs US
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what case is this?
-police used thermal imagining technology to see through ____ walls.
-the use of termal imaging technology consituted a search --DID NOT fall under "plain view doctrine"
-protect home from warrentless surveillence including technolgoies thorugh walls
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NO!
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is a sniff by a police dog a search under the 4th amedment?
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Florida vs. Jardines
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is a case in which the United States Supreme Court will decide whether a dog sniff at the front door of a house by a detection dog trained to identify narcotics is a Fourth Amendment "search" requiring probable cause and a search warrant, or whether it is an acceptable form of minimally i…
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5th amendment
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-grand jury
-double jeaopardy-protects against incriminate oneself-due process
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US vs. Miller
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what was the first big landmark of 2nd amendment in the 1930's?
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grand jury indictments
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what was one of the first checks on governments power
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federal cases only
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who does the grand jury apply too?
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1. physical custoday (arrest) 2. must be read before asked questions that could have incrminating answers
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what is the 2 prong test relating to miranda?
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7th amendment
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-the right of trial by jury to civil cases
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crime control model
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-"assembly line justice"
-every effort made to represss cime-speed and efficiency are the main goals-avoids the courtroom, promotes plea bargaining, **pleading guility with a reasonable expectation of a reduction in charge (lighter sentence)
-reality
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due process model
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-"obstacle course justice"
-stresses using the adversarial (outroom) process-strained resources make this model problematic-ideal
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plea bargaining
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what is the most important step in teh criminal justice process for hte majority of criminal cases
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plea agreement
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the defendent will plead guilty to the orginal charge, or to another charge, in return for a reduced sentence
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santobello vs. new york
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what case is this?
-if the prosecution has promised a lenient sentence as a result of a plea deal, the prosecution must keep that promise
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prison jail
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long term incarceration setting
short term incarceration setting
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between 90-95%
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what percentage of ciminal convictions come from negotiatied plea deals (plea bargaining)
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violent, property, and public order
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what are the 3 categories of visible/ "street" crimes?
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violent crimes
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-type of visible crime
-physical injury or death is a result
-most of these offenses are committed by people who know their victim
-UCR considers these violent crimes: murder & nonegligent (voluntary) manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assualt.
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murder and nonnegligent (voluntary) manslaugter
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type of violent crime:
willful killing of one human being by another, intent is present
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first degree murder
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type of murder:
premediatated, intentional killings, feloy murder (comission of a violent felony)
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second degree
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type of murder:
-unplanned (death of victim was a distinct possibility---reckless action )
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voluntary manslaugter
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type of murder:
-intentional killing in which the offender had no prior intent to kill ("heat of passion"- reasonable person to become emotionally disturbed
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forible rape
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type of violent crime:
-carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will-attempts or assaults to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, satutory rape (w/o force) and other sex offenses are excluded
-**update: FBI changin definition to include mal…
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robbery
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type of violent crime:
-the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
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aggravated assualt
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type of violent crime:
-unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpsoe of infilcting severe or aggravated bodily injury.
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force
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violent crimes use ______
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embezzlement
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to convert (money or property entrusted to one) fraudulently to one's own use
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property crimes
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type of visible/street crime:
-the object of the theft-type offenses is the taking of money or property, but there is no force or threat of force against the victims
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-burglary -larceny-theft -motor vehicle theft -arson
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what are the four types of property crimes?
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burglary
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type of property crime:
-the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
-the use of force to gain entry need not to have occured
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larceny-theft
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type of property crime:
-the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away property from the possession or constructive possession of another
-is not taken by force and violence or by fraud
-ex: thefts of bicycles, motor vehicle parts, shop lifting, pocket-picketing
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motor vehicle theft
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-3rd type of property crime
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arson
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type of property crime:
-any willful or malicioius burning or attempting to burn, with or without intent to defraud a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or airraft, personal property etc. -can be fraudulent
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public order crime
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type of visible/street crime:
-acts that threaten the general well-being of society and challenge accetped moral principles
ex: public drunkeness, panhadling, vandalism, and disorderly conduct
-concerned that these minor offenses will lead to more serious crime and hasten urban d…
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increasing since war on drugs, public & private
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what has the US incarceration rate been doing?
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white-collar crime
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full range of frauds committed by business and government professionals
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