Study Guide: Terms and Definitions

•Hyaline Cartilage •Bone (compact)

•Skeletal Muscle •Cardiac Muscle •Smooth Muscle

•Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue •Adipose Tissue •Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue •Blood

Neuron Simple Squamous epithelium Location: • Lining of tympanic membrane (eardrum) • Parts of kidney and testis • The excretory ducts of many glands • The inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels Stratified squamous epithelium Squamous cells on the top...cuboidal/columnar cells in middle Location: • Epidermis, mouth, esophagus, cornea • The vagina and portions of the female urethra Cuboidal epithelium Square cells with round nuclei Location: • Glands (e.g. thyroid) • Surface of ovary • In the retina • Lining of the kidney tubules (above) Columnar epithelium Location: • Line surfaces of the small and large intestines • Ciliated columnar cells are found in the uterus    and oviducts, and bronchi of the lungs Tall, slender cells with round nuclei Areolar Loose CT Fibroblast=purple Collagen fibers=pink Elastic Fibers=black Location: • Forms the superficial and deep fascia • Structural support for nerves and blood    vessels Adipose Tissue Adipocyte=white circles Nucleus of adipocyte=pink dots\ Location: • Throughout body • Primary role in fat storage

Hyperopia    

A.Good visual acuity

Photoreception

patellar reflex

Decibels (dB)

Equibrioception

Habituation

Chemoreception

Poor visual acuity

Taste buds

Frequency (Hz)

Thermoreception

Near point accomodation

Mechanoreception

Myopia

Layer of loose connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers,            and adipose tissue that connects the skin to the underlying            muscles and bones

Glands that aid in the excretion of waste and help regulate            body temperature

__E_ Opening of sweat gland ducts on the skin’s surface

The middle skin layer that contains main of the skin sensory             structures

__H_ Structures composed of hard keratin that aid in thermoregulation

Senses Light touch

__K_ Senses deep pressure

The uppermost regions of the skin which contributes to skin            color

Small projections of the dermis into the epidermis that produces      ridges on the skin

__G_ Glands that produce sebum and are associated with hair follicles

Arrector Pili Muscle

Free nerve ending

__G_  A thin membrane that covers an opening in the cochlea and        is vibrated by the stapes

__B_ Part of the outer ear that leads to the middle ear

__F_ Third ear bone that vibrates the oval window 

The hearing organ found in the inner ear connected to the      cochlear nerve

__A_ Part of the outer ear that funnels sound into the ear

__J_ Structure that helps equalize pressure of the middle ear

__D_ First ear bone that helps amplify sound waves

A thin membrane that serves as a sound transmitter in the           middle ear

__E_ Second ear bone that helps amplify sound waves

__H_ The balance controlling structure of the inner ear

Abstinence and condom

Diaphragm Condom

Spermicides

Implants The pill/patch

Implants The pill/patch Tubal Ligation Vasectomy

Tubal Ligation Vasectomy

Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Trichomoniasis

Genital Warts (HPV) Hepatitis B Herpes HIV/AIDS Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

Vision Hearing Smell Taste Touch

__E_ An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus that         stores and releases hormones that regulate homeostasis    

__A_  The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the R & L               hemispheres of the cortex.

__D_ Functions in unconscious coordination of movement and         balance.

Relays sensory and motor signals to the cortex, as well as    regulates sleep, alertness and consciousness.

__C_ Region anterior to the spinal cord that functions in autonomic, homeostatic functions, such as breathing, heart and blood vessel  regulation, digestion, etc.

__L_ Epithelial layer surrounding the glomerulus that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus

__Q_ The functional unit of the mammalian kidney

__M_ The first series of tubules following the bowman’s capsule that selectively remove water, ions, and other nutrients and return them to the bloodstream

__A_ The organ responsible for concentrating metabolic wastes that the body produces from cellular respiration

__E_ Transports urine to the urinary bladder

__J_ The region of the kidney that collects the waste draining from the collecting ducts of the nephron

__N_ The long extension of the nephron tubule that descends into the renal pyramid, allowing for a concentration gradient to remove water and sodium chloride and concentrate urine

__O_ The last series of nephron tubules that remove water and sodium chloride but absorb potassium

__K_ Collection of blood vessels that force fluid with salts, glucose, vitamins, and nitrogenous wastes out of the bloodstream

__F_ Stores urine

__P_ Tubes that concentrate urine from several nephrons and drain into the renal pelvis

__D_ Drains urine from the urinary bladder

__H_ The middle region of the kidney that houses the renal pyramids

__I_ Cone shaped tissues of the kidney, mostly composed of collecting ducts

__C_ Transports filtered blood away from the kidney to the vena cava

__G_ The outer region of the kidney

__G_ Contribute seminal fluid to neutralize the acidity of the urethra, i.e. pre-ejaculate

__C_ Location of sperm storage

__J_ The primordial germ cells that undergo meiosis to produce sperm

__P_ Provide nourishment for sperm during spermatogenesis

__D_ Tube that transports sperm to the urethra in human males

__L_ Product of the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis

__B_ Name of male gonad

__K_ Product of the mitotic division occurring during spermatogenesis

__M_ Product of the final  meiotic division of spermatogenesis

__N_ The location inside the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

__E_ Provide nutrients for sperm and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions

__H_ Structure that deposits semen in the female reproductive tract

__I_ Tube that transports sperm to the urethra in the male pig

__A_ Allows sperm to develop at an optimal temperature

__F_  Secretes a basic component of semen to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

__O_ Produce testosterone inside the testes

  _K__ Valve that prevents backflow into the left ventricle

  _G__ Vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

  _A__ First chamber to receive deoxygenated blood

  _H__ Vessels that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

  _I__ Vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the                       heart

  _E__ Valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle

  _J__ Valve that prevents backflow into the right ventricle

  _B__ First chamber to receive oxygenated blood

  _C__ The chamber of the heart that follows the right atrium

      _F__ Valve that prevents backflow into the left atrium

      _D__ Largest chamber of the heart which pumps blood out to the body

A.Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

  _E_ Vessel that carries oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body

  _B_ Vessels in the neck regions carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart

  _F_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

  _G_ Connection that shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

  _C_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head region

  _I_ Portion of the aorta that delivers blood to the abdomen

  _K_ Vessels carrying  deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the mother

  _D_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the abdomen to the heart

  _A_ Vessels in the neck region carrying oxygenated blood to the head

  _H_ Hole in the septum in the heart allowing blood to bypass the lungs

      _J_ Vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus

A.Plasma

Leukocytes    

Platelets    

Erythrocytes    

Leukocytes    

Platelets    

Plasma    

Erythrocytes    

Platelets    

Leukocytes    

Erythrocytes    

Pepsin    

Pepsin    

Starch    

Lipase    

Protein

Pepsin    

Amylase    

Lipids    

Amylase    

Lipase    

Lipase    

A.Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus

A.Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, spiral colon, descending colon, rectum, anus

Stomach    

Duodenum

Mandibular gland

Gallbladder

Ileum

Pancreas    

Cecum    

Stomach    

Appendix    

Liver    

Jejunum 

Small intestine

Large intestine

Epiglottis    

Suture Joint provides highest degree of strength but allows no motion. 

Condylar Joint permits movement in only one plane    

Pivot Joint permits rotating movement.

Spheroidal Joint permits greatest range of motion.

Hinge Joint permits movement in only one plane.

Gliding Joint  permits only slight movement, but in all directions.

Flat    

Sesamoid    

Irregular    

Short    

Flat    

Long    

Long    

Irregular

LONG

Irregular    

Short     Dense (fibrous) CT PURPLE dots=nuclei of fibroblasts All the PINK=Thick collagen fibers Location: • Muscle attachments to bone (tendons) • Bone attachments to bone (ligaments) • Palm of the hand • Abdominal wall In between the last set of walking legs= white spot GONOPORE (SEMINAL RECEPTACLE)= FLAT white Spot=vagina this is a FEMALE In between last TWO sets of walking legs=double pronged penis like spikes white and red. PLEOPODS (COPULATORY SWIMMERETS)=TWO SPIKES=PENIS this is a male MALE Blood A. Plasma B. Erythrocyte (RBC) C. Leukocyte (WBC) D. Platelets Location: • Found within blood vessels • Functions in gas exchange, nutrients and    waste exchange, immune functioning Hyaline Cartilage A. Chondroitin Intercellular Matrix B. Chondrocytes (with Lacunae) Location: • Ventral ends of ribs • Tracheal rings and larynx • Joint surfaces of bones Bone 1. Central Canal (nerves and blood vessels) 2. Lamellae (concentric rings) 3. Osteocytes (in lacunae 4. Canaliculi (between Osteocytes) 5. Haversian System Location: Endoskeleton of vertebrates 1. Functions in the production of red blood cells (in red marrow) and fat storage (in yellow marrow)  Skeletal Muscle Location: Attached to bones....FXN: Body movements 1. Single long cell with multiple peripheral nuclei (multinucleated) 2. Striations (actin & myosin bands) Cardiac Muscle Location: specialized tissue of the heart 1. Centrally located nucleus with tapered ends 2. Striations (actin and myosin bands) 3. Intercalated discs Smooth Muscle Location: Walls of digestive tract, Respiratory Passages, Urinary and genital tracts, blood vessels 1. Spindle shaped cells 2. Elongated nucleus Neuron Location: Throughout body. FXN: Controlling body fxns with electrical impulses 1. Neuron 2. Dendrites 3. Axon 4. Neuroglial Cells purple dots 5. Nissl bodies (cytoplasm grains 1. Abdomen           2. Cephalothorax 3. Cheliped            4. Antennule 5. Mouth                6. Compound Eyes 7. Antenna             8. Walking Legs 9. Swimmerets        10. Telson (with Anus 11. Uropod 1. Abdomen           2. Cephalothorax 3. Compound eyes            4. Antennule 5. Mouth                6. Cheliped 7. Walking legs             8. Swimmerets 9. Uropod        10. Telson (with Anus) 11. Antenna 1. Soft Dorsal Fin       7. pectoral fin 2. Spiny Dorsal Fin     8. Pelvic fins3. Eye                      9. Lateral line4. Nostril                  10. Anus 5. Mouth                   11. Anal Fin 6. Operculum            12. Caudal Fin 1. Eye     2.  Pinna   3. Tail   4. Anus.   5. Knee   6. Ankle   7. Digits (hoof)   8. Umbilical Cord   9. Mammary Papilla  10. Elbow       11. Wrist   12. Mouth   13. Nostrils Directions: A. Cranial   B. Dorsal   C. Caudal  D. Ventral MALE FETAL PIG 1. Scrotum 2. Anus 3. Urogenital Opening 4. Mammary Papilla 5. Umbilical Cord FEMALE Fetal pig has a penis sticking out under tail this is her UROGENITAL OPENING WITH GENITAL PAPILLA 1.Frontal Plane 2.Sagittal Plane 3.Transverse Plane 4.Caudal/posterior 5.Cranial/anterior 6.Ventral 7.Dorsal 8.Medial 9.Lateral 1.Coronal (Frontal) Plane 2.Sagittal Plane 3.Transverse Plane 4.Caudal/posterior    5.Cranial/anterior 6.Ventral 7.Dorsal     8.Medial 9.Lateral     10.Proximal 11.Distal 1.Mandible        2.Maxilla      3.Temporal 4.Occipital bone (back*) 5.Frontal bone       6.Parietal bone      7.Nasal bone 8.Zygomatic        9.Cervical vertebrae 10.Thoracic vertebrae      11.Lumbar vertebrae 12.Sacrum      13.Coccyx       14.Manubrium (sternum) 15.Body (sternum)     16.Xiphoid process (sternum)    17.Costal cartilage      18.True ribs      19.False ribs 1.Humerus    2.Ulna 3.Radius      4.Carpals 5.Metacarpals      6.Phalanges 7.Clavicle      8.Scapula 9.Pelvic girdle (os coxa) 10.Femur     11.Tibia 12.Fibula      13.Tarsals 14.Metatarsals      15.Patella Small intestine 1. Muscle Layer 2. Submucosa 3. Lumen 4. Serosa 5. Mucosa (with Villi) FXN: Allows Absorption of nutrients Small intestine Muscle Layers 1.Lumen 2. Circular muscle layer 3. Longitudinal Muscle Layer FXN Circular allows segmentation....Longitudinal Allows Peristalsis Small intestine Diagram 1. Villus 2. Serosa 3. Muscle Layer 4. Submucosa 5. Villus 6. Mucosa

Segmentation: Contraction of circular muscle layer which aids in mixing partially digested food and pushing the food mass forward within the intestines. (Steps 1 & 3)

Peristalsis: Contraction of longitudinal muscle layer which helps propel the food along the tract. (Step 2) Crayfish Digestive System EXTERNAL 1. Mandible (mouth) 2. Ventral view Crayfish Internal Digestive system 1. Stomach 2. Digestive Gland 3. Intestine 4. Anus (ventral Side) 5. Gastric mill of stomach 6. Dorsal View Perch digestive system 1.Mouth (with teeth & tongue) 2.Liver 3.Stomach 4.Intestine 5.Pyloric caecae 6.Anus Fetal Pig directions 1. Cranial 2. Caudal Fetal pig digestive anatomy 1 1. Epiglottis 2. Teeth 3. Nasal passage to pharynx (throat) 4. Hard Palate 5. Soft Palate 6. Tongue (with Papillae) Fetal pig digestive anatomy 2 1. Mandibular Gland 2. Esophagus 3.Diaphragm    4.Stomach    5.Pancreas 6.Liver    7.Gallbladder* Small intestine:    8.Duodenum 9.Jejunum    10.Ileum*   11.Mesentery* Large intestine:    12.Cecum* 13.Ascending colon* 14.Spiral colon    15.Descending colon* 16.Rectum*     17.Anus* 3.Diaphragm*   4.Stomach 5.Pancreas*    6.Liver 7.Gallbladder    Small intestine: 8.Duodenum*    9.Jejunum 10.Ileum    11.Mesentery*    Large intestine: 12.Cecum   13.Ascending colon 14.Spiral colon   15.Descending colon 16.Rectum*    17.Anus* 1.Oral cavity    2.Salivary glands    3.Pharynx 4.Esophagus    5.Liver 6.Gallbladder    7.Stomach    8.Duodenum 9.Pancreas    10.Jejunum 11.Appendix   12.Ascending colon 13.Transverse colon   14.Descending colon 15.Rectum    16.Anus Artery and vein 1. Artery 2. vein 3. Lumen 4. Tunica Media 5. Tunica Intima 6. Tunica adventita *Note the difference in thickness between the tissue     layers of the artery versus the vein. Atherosclerosis  1. Normal Artery 2. Occluded Artery 3. Plaque *Note the build up of plaque on the intimal (epithethial) walls of the arteries of the heart.

Build up of plaque within the walls of the heart’s arteries can impede blood flow -- leading to total obstruction, arrhythmia, or increased probability of a blood clot.

Granulocytes:1 Neutrophils, 2Eosinophils, 3Basophils Agranulocytes: 4Lymphocytes, 5Monocytes Function: • Fight infection and produce anti-bodies

*A hereditary condition that results in abnormal   hemoglobin production and misshapen red blood cells.   These sickle-shaped cells are inefficient at carrying oxygen   and can easily clog capillaries and can have fatal effects.

*Note the overproduction of lymphocytes   compared to the normal blood smear BLOOD SMEAR WITH MORE PURPLE ABNORMAL LYMPHOCYTES 1.Common carotid 2.Internal jugular     3.External jugular 4.Superior vena cava     5.Inferior vena cava* 6.Right atrium     7.Right ventricle     8.Left atrium 9.Left ventricle 10.Aorta 11.Ductus arteriosis* 12.Pulmonary artery 13.Caudal vena cava 14.Abdominal aorta 15.Umbilical vein 16.Umbilical artery

The first major difference between fetal and adult circulation: •Umbilical cord circulation: this collection of vessels allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus and carbon dioxide and metabolic waste to pass from the fetus to the mother. •Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and wastes from the fetus to the mother •Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the mother to the fetus

The second major difference between fetal and adult circulation: •Ductus arteriosus: a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing a large quantity of blood to bypass the lungs. •Since the fetus is not breathing with its lungs (oxygenated blood comes from the mother  via the umbilical vein), only a small fraction of blood leaving the right ventricle needs to go to the lungs to deliver oxygenated blood  to the lung tissue to help it develop.

The third major difference between fetal and adult circulation: •Foramen ovale: an opening in the septum between the right and left atria to allow blood passing into the right atrium to be channeled into the left atrium, mostly bypassing the lungs (see *) •Since the fetus is not breathing with its lungs (oxygenated blood comes from the mother  via the umbilical vein), only a small fraction of blood leaving the right ventricle needs to go to the lungs to deliver oxygenated blood  to the lung tissue to help it develop. Pig Heart Anatomy: Ventral (External Only)  1.Right atrium     2.Right ventricle    3.Left atrium   4.Left ventricle 5.Aorta (aortic arch)   6.Pulmonary artery (trunk) 7.Pulmonary veins*    8.Cranial (superior) vena cava* 9.Caudal (inferior) vena cava*    10.Coronary artery and vein     1.Right atrium 2.Right ventricle 3.Left atrium 4.Left ventricle   5.Aorta (aortic arch) 6.Pulmonary artery (trunk)*   7.Pulmonary veins 8.Cranial (superior) vena cava 9.Caudal (inferior) vena cava 10.Coronary artery and vein* DORSAL VIEW Normal Lung Tissue Emphysema Lung tissue Notice the exploded alveolar sacs!!!!! Trachea 1. Chrondrocytes in Lacunae Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium     Ciliated epithelial cells line the inside of the respiratory tract. Paired with cells that produce mucus, these ciliated cells move trapped particles (which may interfere with gas exchange) away from the lung tissue and back towards the throat. Lungs frontal view 1.Trachea 2.Left bronchus 3.Right bronchus     4.Bronchioles 5.Left lobes 6.Right lobes     7.Pleura 8.Diaphragm     9.Alveoli 1.Nares 2.Nasopharynx* 3.Epiglottis 4.Glottis* Pig head region anatomy 5.Larynx 6.Trachea 7.Right Lung 8.Left Lung 9.Diaphragm neck/thoracic cavity pig

Human inhalation is based on negative pressure. When the diaphragm contracts it lowers which causes the pressure inside of the lungs to fall below atmospheric pressure. Since gas tends to travel from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure, it causes the surrounding air to enter the lungs (i.e. air is “pulled” into the lungs). When the diaphragm relaxes, pressure inside the lungs increases, pushing air back out. 1.Tidal Volume (TV) 2.Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 3.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 4.Residual Volume (RV) 5.Vital Capacity (VC) 6. Total Lung Capacity 1. Seminiferous tubule 2. Leydig Cells 3. Lumen 4. Mature sperm 5. Sertoli Cells Testis CS

Spermatogonia undergo Meiosis The first division is mitotic, producing two primary spermatocytes (2N). The meiotic division of each primary spermatocyte produces two secondaryspermatocytes (1N). Finally, the meiotic division of each secondary spermatocyte produces two spermatids(a.k.a. spermatozoa, 1N).  The entire process results in four spermatozoa. 1.Scrotum 2.Testis 3.Epididymis 4.Vas deferens     5.Urinary bladder     6.Urethra 7.Seminal Vesicles 8.Prostate gland     9.Bulbourethral gland 10.Penis Male reproductive system HUMAN Fetal Pig Reproductive System: Male 1.Scrotal Sac 2.Testis 3.Epididymis 4.Spermatic cord 5.Seminal vesicles 6.Penis 7.Ductus deferens 8.Bulbourethral gland Ovary 1. Primary Oocyte 2. Graafian follicle 3. Egg

In mammals, this structure develops following release of a secondary oocyte from the follicle during ovulation. This mass of glandular connective tissue produces progesterone and estrogen to inhibit release of another egg and to thicken theendometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. The corpus luteumdeteriorates if pregnancy does not occur. The decreased horomonal signals allow other oocytes to complete maturation. 1. Corpus Luteum     

Oogenesis is the process by which a mature egg is produced in the ovary. The process begins with an oogonium (2N) which undergoes mitosis to produce a primary oocyte (2N). The primary oocyte (2N)  undergoes meiosis I producing a secondary oocyte (1N) and the first polar body that is discarded. The secondary oocyte (1N) undergoes Meiosis II to produce an ovum (1N) and the second polar body that is discarded. Meiosis II is halted at metaphase II until fertilization occurs. 1.Ovary 2.Fallopian tube (oviduct) 3.Uterus 4.Cervix 5.Endometrium 6.Vagina 7.Urinary bladder 8.Urethra 1.Ovary 2.Fallopian tube (oviduct) 3.Uterus 4.Cervix 5.Endometrium 6.Vagina 1.Ovary 2.Oviduct 3.Right uterine horn 4.Left uterine horn 5.“Body” of uterus 6.Vagina* Kidney Cross section 1. Glomerulus 2. Cuboidal Cells 3. Tubules c.s. Mammalian kidney 1.Cortex 2.Medulla 3.Renal pyramid 4.Renal pelvis 5.Ureter 6.Renal artery 7.Renal vein 1.Cortex 2.Medulla 3.Renal pyramid 4.Renal pelvis 5.Ureter 6.Renal artery 7.Renal vein NEPHRON ANATOMY Male excretory system 1.Kidney 2.Renal Artery 3.Renal Vein 4.Urethra 5.Ureter 6.Urinary Bladder Fetal Pig Excretory System: Female 1.Kidney 2.Renal Artery 3.Renal Vein 4.Urethra 5.Ureter 6.Urinary Bladder

__H_ Tissue that releases estrogen and progesterone  after ovulation to inhibit release of another egg.

__O_ Discarded product of the second meiotic division of oogenesis

__J_ The primordial germ cells that undergo meiosis to produce an egg

__C_ Site of implantation and embryonic development in the female pig

__B_ Receives egg at ovulation and is the site of fertilization

__L_ Product of the first meiotic division of oogenesis

__A_ The female gonad that  produces eggs, estrogen and progesterone

__M_ Discarded product of the first meiotic division of oogenesis

__F_ The tissue separating the uterus and vagina

__G_ The inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels

__K_ Product of the mitotic division that occurs during oogenesis

__D_ Site of implantation and embryonic development in human females

__E_ Part of the female reproductive tract that receives the penis and sperm during copulation.

__I_ Mature ovarian follicle

__N_ Produce of the second meiotic division of oogenesis Neuron Diagram 1. Axon 2. Myelin sheath (schwann Cells) 3. Cell body with nucleus 4. Dendrites 5. node of ranvier 6. synaptic ends Spinal cord 1. White matter 2. Central canal 3. Grey matter Spinal Cord Diagram 1. Dorsal root 2. Ventral Root 3. White matter 4. Central canal 5. Grey Matter

Spinal nerves carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.  These nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).  The dorsal rootof each spinal nerve carries sensory axons while each ventral root carries motor axons. This arrangement allows for reflexive reactions to touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, andproprioception. Motor End plates 1. Axon 2. Motor end plates 3. Skeletal muscle fiber 1.Sulci (grooves) 2.Gyri (ridges) 3.Cerebral cortex 4.Frontal lobe 5.Parietal lobe    6.Temporal lobe 7.Occipital lobe    8.Pons    9.Cerebellum 10.Medulla oblongata Human brain lateral view Brain. midsaggital view 1.Corpus callosum 2.Pineal gland 3.Thalamus 4.Pituitary 5.Pons 6.Medulla Oblongata 7.Cerebellum Brain inferior view 1.Left hemisphere 2.Right hemisphere 3.Olfactory bulb 4.Pituitary     5.Optic chiasm 6.Temporal lobe     7.Pons     8.Medulla oblongata 9.Cerebellum Eye anatomy 1.Cornea        2.Iris      3.Lens 4.Pupil      5.Optic nerve     6.Anterior chamber 7.Sclera     8.Choroid 9.Blind spot (optic disk) 10.Retina     11.Fovea centralis 12.Ciliary body 13.Posterior cavity/ vitreous humor Retina 1. Photoreceptor neurons 2. Pigment epithelium (rod, Cones) 3. Choroid 4. Sclera 5. Retina Interior of eye Ear anatomy 1.Pinna (auricle) 2.External auditory canal 3.Tympanic membrane       4.Malleus (hammer) 5.Incus (anvil)     6.Stapes (stirrup) 7.Oval window      8.Semicircular canals 9.Cochlea      10.Eustachian (auditory) tube Cochlea 1. organ of corti 2. Cochlear nerve Taste buds.....TONGUE PAPILLAE 1. Taste bud SKIN ANATOMY 1.Epidermis 2.Dermis 3.Hypodermis      4.Dermal papillae 5.Pore     6.Sweat gland 7.Sebaceous gland 8.Hair follicle    9.Arrector pili muscle     10.Free nerve endings 11.Pacinian corpuscle     12.Meissner’s corpuscle Touch corpuscles 1. Dermis 2. Epidermis 3. Cornified Layer 4. Pacinian corpuscle 5. Meissner's corpuscle Sweat Glands 1. Sections of sweat glands 2. Sweat gland duct 3. Sections of sweat glands Mammal skin 1. Hair Follicle 2. Arrestor pili muscle 3. sebaceous gland

__C_  A flexible, transparent structure that bends to focus light on the retina

__L_  Has suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in place and allow the lens to bend

__K_ High concentration of cone cells responsible for good visual acuity 

__E_ Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

__A_ Transparent, curved part of the eye that allows light rays to converge as they enter the eye

__J_ Layer of photoreceptors and sensory neurons

__D_ Hole in the iris to allow light to pass through to the retina

__F_ Fluid-filled chamber in the front part of the eye

__G_ The outer protective structure of the eye

__N_ Iridescent sheen that improves night vision of nocturnal mammals

__M_ Jelly-like mass that helps hold the lens in place and maintain eye shape

__B_ The pigment muscular structure that controls the amount of light that enters the eye

__I_ Contains no photoreceptors  because the sensory fibers exit into the optic nerve at this location

pinna, external auditory canal Tympanic Membrane, Malleus, Stapes, Eustachian tubes Cochlea, semicircular canals, oval window

Help us grip things better when picking stuff up

The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.

Pacinian corpuscles Meissners merkel discs Ruffini Endings

Filtration: Bowman's capsule Reabsorption: Proximal convoluted tubule Secretion: Collecting duct

0.22 minutes

PH: acidic or alkaline Specific Gravity: Hyposthenuria (chronic Diabetes insipidus) or hypersthenuria (acute Diabetes Mellitus) Glucose=Glycosuria Protein=Albuminurea Ketone=Ketonuria=lack of carbs

PH indicator...enzyme is working if there is color change....more breakdown of fat=less color

Systole=heart is contracting...ventricles contract Diastole=heart is relaxed...ventricles relaxed. Diastolic is important in terms of hypertension because this could show signs of elasticity problems in the veins

Stimulates production of antibody

Protein secreted in response to an antigenic stimulus; immune defense

The clumping together of RBC's or bacteria in response to a particular antibody.

largest are WBC Smallest are RBC

alveoli

to move unwanted molecules/substances out of the bronchioles

HYALINE CARTILAGE must be rigid to allow continuous airflow 

CHITIN- a strong structural polysaccharide

traits that are similar in function but derived from SHARED COMMON ANCESTOR. Arise from CONVERGENT EVOLUTION A bat wing is analogous to a bird wing but not homologous

Structures in different species that are similar b/c of COMMON ANCESTRY. they have SHARED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY but are NOT necessarily fxnlly similar. Bird wing and whale fin are both modified tetrapod forelimbs, but one is used for swimming and the other is used for flying.