BSC 114: STUDY GUIDE

CourseStructure object (184244) - University of Alabama

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156 Cards in this Set

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Genetics	study of heredity and variation
Heredity	transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Locus	location of gene
Gametes	sperm/eggs
asexual reproduction	genetically identical offspring (I.E. plants, skin cells, eye cells, etc.)
Sexual reproduction	how humans reproduce
Somatic Cells	any cell forming the body of an organism
Karyotype	Picture of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes	the two chromosomes in each pair (karyotype)
Metaphase Chromosomes	bottom end of the homologous pair (tail)
Where is the centromere on a homologous pair?	the middle (CENTROmere)
What do the sister chromatids make up?	the metaphase chromosome
Human females have a homologous pair of _____.	XX
Human males have one ____ and one ____ chromosome.	XY
Autosomes	The 22 pairs of chromosomes that don't determine sex.
2n	diploid cell
N	haploid cell
What is fertilization?	the union of gametes (sperm and egg meet)
Zygote	A fertilized egg
What does a zygote produce and how?	Somatic cells by mitosis
Prophase 1 begins with...	nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Planned breeding experiments	organisms are bred and offspring is analyzed
progeny	offspring
Pedigree analysis	examines history of inheritance of traits in organisms like humans
Gregor Mendel	Father of genetics
True breeding	when plants self-pollinate ---> all offspring are of the same variety
Character variants are called ____.	traits
Stamens	sperm producing organs in a pea plant
Carpels	egg producing organs in a pea plant
cross-pollination	fertilization between different plants
hybridization	mating two contrasting, true-breeding varieties of a species. (example: peas)
Parental generation (P generation)	the true-breeding parents
F1 generation is...	the hybrid offspring of P generation
Mendel called _____ a heritable factor.	gene
gametophyte	a haploid plant
sporophyte	diploid plant
does meiosis produce a haploid or a diploid cell?	haploid
what process takes two haploid cells and makes them diploid?	fertilization
what is the term for the condensed chromosome?	metaphase chromosome
where do the nonsister chromatids cross-over?	chiasma
kinetochore	location where microtubule attaches to the chromosome
Amniotic eggs are... a) used by amphibians, reptiles and birds. b) NOT used by species in which the embryo develops inside the mother. c) characterized by the presence of extra-embryonic membranes. d) those in which the nitrogenous waste is in the form of ammonia.	c) characterized by the presence of extra-embyronic membranes.
Gastrulation a) is a process found only in vertebrates b) is a form of gas exchange c) is an important movement of cells in development d) leads to the formation of blastula e) leads to the formation of the neural tube	c) is an important movement of cells in development.
Master genes important in almost all animal development are a) called Hox genes b) expressed sequentially during development. arranged linearly along the chromosome c) arranged linearly along the chromosome d) expressed in a linear fashion along the developing organism e) all of the…	All of the above
Extra-embryonic membranes a) are extra membranes that are not required by the organism. b) surround the embryo of amphibians like frogs c) become part of the embryo during development d) have the same genetic composition as the embryo e) have the genetic composition of the mother	e) have the same genetic composition as the embryo.
Animal Development a)in the early embryo is key to the difference between deuterostomes and protostomes. b) involves cellular movements. c) involves turning off genes. d) involves homeo genes. e) all of the above	All of the above
Mesoderm a) is formed by the sperm entry point in the egg b) is found in all animals c) is formed from the interaction of ectoderm with endoderm d) is not found in animals without a coelom e) forms the nervous system	c) is formed from the interaction of ectoderm with endoderm.
Animals are different from fungi in that fungi... a) are heterotrophs b) are prokaryotes c) are unicellular d) have nucleaus e) have cell walls	have cell walls
________ the Cambrian explosion a) Most major groups of animals appeared in b) Huge meteror impact crater was created in c) Great many volcanic explosions happened during d) First eukaryotes arose in e) Mass extinction event occurred in	a) Most major groups of animals appeared in
All bilateral animals have a) four tissue layers b) three tissue layers c) two tissue layers d) just one type of tissue e) not all bilateral animals have the same number of tissue layers	b) three tissue layers.
Diffusion of oxygen in an amoeba takes ~1 second. How long would it take to cross a tissue that is 10x thicker? a) 1 sec b) 10 sec c) 100 sec or over a minute d) 1000 sec e) 10000 sec	c) 100 seconds or over a minute.
Larger animals tend to a)have faster metabolism per unit mass b) have greater problems with heat loss in a cold climate c) have thinner muscles so that they don't get as heavy d) be more agile and quick e) have longer life span	e) have longer life spans.
Countercurrent exchange a) is used by humans to conserve heat b) is responsible for nutrient absorption in the caeca c) results in significant heat loss in aquatic birds d) allows conservation of heat in marine mammals e) results in inefficient gas exchange in fish gills.	d) allows conservation of heat in marine mammals.
What feature of water is responsible for surface tension? a) that it is composed of two hydrogens and one oxygen b) weak bonds connect the two hydrogens of one water molecule c) that solid water is more dense than liquid water d)Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen of one water molecule to…	d) Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen of one water molecule to oxygen of another water molecule.
Compared to larger animals, smaller animals tend to have proportionately a) less dense bones b) denser bones c) hollow bones so that they are lighter d) thinner bones e) thicker bones	d) thinner bones
ALL animals have gas exchange systems that a) rely on diffusion b) are enclosed within ribs c) are maintained at a constant temperature d) are exposed to air e) rely on active pumping of air	a) rely on diffusion.
Our breathing rate is directly controlled by a) oxygen concentration in the blood b) carbon monoxide concentration in the blood c) carbon dioxide concentration in the blood d) oxygen concentration in the artery e) pH of our blood	e) pH of our blood.
The efficiency of the bird's respiratory system is primarily due to the fact that all... a) bird respiratory systems are tidal b) birds fly through the air to get more air into its lungs c) birds have a higher breathing rate d) birds have hollow bones e) birds do not have residual lu…	e) birds do not have residual lung volume.
Animals with large cecum typically consume a lot of _________ in their diet. a) insects b) plants c) sugar d) protein e) fluid	b) plants.
Three-chambered heart _____________ 4-chambered heart _____________ a) has less blood in circulation and, has more blood. b) uses open circulation and, uses closed circulation. c) mixes oxygenated with deoxygenated blood while, keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate d) uses …	c) mixes oxygenated with deoxygenated blood while, keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
Both fish and shellfish, such as clams, a) have gills b) are in the same phylum c) are endotherms d) have open circulatory system e) have water vascular cavity	a) have gills.
The main difference between ectotherm and endotherm is whether they a) are cold-blooded or warm-blooded b) can maintain body temperature using metabolic energy c) have two or only one tissue type d) live in salt water or fresh water e) maintain body temp using behavior	b) can maintain body temperature using metabolic energy.
Decrease in the temperature of an organism has the greatest effect at the cellular level by a) increasing diffusion b) increasing the number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules c) decreasing the amount of energy that cells can get from one ATP molecule d) decreasing the fluidity…	d) decreasing the fluidity of cellular membranes.
The greatest benefit that rabbits get from eating their feces is that they a) get vitamins from them b) get essential amino acids c) get more nutrients from the fibers that they eat d) recover symbiotic bacteria	c) get more nutrients from he fibers that they eat.
When humans breathe, inhalation results from a) rib muscles and diaphragm contracting b) positive respiratory pressure created when the diaphragm relaxes c) relaxing the muscles of the rib cage d) pressure in the air sac being reduced e) contracting the abdominal muscles	a) rib muscles and diaphragm contracting.
Arteries are defined as blood vessels with a) blood flowing to the heart b) high oxygen concentration c) low carbon dioxide concentration d) larger diameter than veins e) blood flowing away from the heart	a) blood flowing away from the heart.
Food vacuoles a) are NOT used by protists to obtain nutrients b) are used by ALL animals for intracellular digestion c) are used by most vertebrates to obtain nutrients d) protect the cell from self digestion e) supplement the function of alimentary canal	d) protect the cell from self digestion.
Tracheal system is used for ______. a) gas exchange b) nutrient breakdown c) water absorption d) nutrient absorption e) all of the above	a) gas exchange
provides digestive enzymes to the small intestine. a)	Pancreas
______ provides bile to help digestion.	Liver
The function of _____ is water resorption.	Large intestine
Our small intestine avoids self-digestion by a) secreting mucus b) having large surface area created by microvilli c) decreasing the pH d) using bacteria	a) secreting mucus.
Most animals need to eat to obtain _______. a) vitamins b) sugars c) carbohydrates d) water e) fat	vitamins
Brown fat a) is produced in animals with a high fat diet b) provides insulation for animals living in colder climates c) helps to produce thick fur for insulation d) helps to generate heat in young mammals e) is old fat that has turned brown	d) helps to generate heat in young mammals.
In order to reduce heat loss, humans can quickly a) vasodilate b) vasoconstrict c) turn on countercurrent heat exchange d) increase the insulation of our skin e) all of the above	b) vasoconstrict.
Metabolic water is a) the liquid form of metabolic waste b) produced in the process of making ATP from sugar and oxygen c) waste water that must be excreted d) produced in the kidneys e) only made by desert animals	b) produced in the process of making ATP from sugar and oxygen.
The type of nitrogenous waste excreted by an animal is determined most by which of the following? a) the type of diet that it has b) the availability of water in the environment c) how active it is d) whether it is a vertebrate or an invertebrate e) all of the above	b) the availability of water in the environment.
Which of the following are correctly paired? a) Ammonia - moderate toxicity b) Urea - takes no energy to produce c) Uric acid - energetically costly to produce d) Ammonia - excreted by most birds e) Uric acid - excreted by many fish	c) Uric acid - energetically costly to produce
Which of the following is correct regarding osmoregulation? a) freshwater animals need to constantly drink since they lose water through their gills b) animals that live in the sea cannot be osmoconformers since seawater is hyper osmotic c) saltwater fishes excrete a lot of water so th…	d) Freshwater fish actively take up salt from their environment through their gills.
Seabirds can drink sea water and not get sick because they a) produce very watery waste in their alimentary tract b) have high surface area to volume ratio c) excrete excess salt with urea in their dilute urine d) have special nasal glands that excrete excess salt	d) have special nasal glands that excrete excess salt.
terrestrial animals can obtain water from a) metabolism or cellular respiration b) breathing c) transpiration d) excretion e) all of the above	a) metabolism or cellular respiration.
Freshwater animals can lose water through a) metabolic water b) evaporation c) cellular respiration d) diffusion e) Trick question! Freshwater animals don't lose but gain water.	e) Trick question! Freshwater animals don't lose but gain water.
The loop of Henle a) is found in the kidney b) resorbs water c) conserves salt d) concentrates urine e) all of the above	e) All of the above
Which of the following would help a mammal to conserve water? a) increasing the amount of ADH b) increasing its breathing rate c) increase the temperature of exhaled air d) increasing its metabolic rate e) All of the above	a) Increasing the amount of ADH.
An animal with a high proportion of _______ in its diet produces the greatest amount of nitrogenous waste. a) fat b) carbohydrates c) protein d) There is no difference in the amount of nitrogenous waste produced with different diets	c) protein
Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction? a) it promotes genetic variability b) it promotes geographic distribution of species c) it allows sparsely populated individuals to reproduce d) it enhances the survival rates of parents e) it allows animals to replace lo…	a) it promotes genetic variability.
Hermaphrodites a) are found in both plants and animals b) use a form of asexual reproduction c) require external fertilization d) use spermatophores e) All of the above	a) are found in both plants and animals.
Asexual reproduction means a) one parent produces both sperm and eggs b) offspring are clone of parents c) reproduction by meiosis d) offspring are genetic mix of parents e) there are only haploids individuals	b) offspring are clones of parents.
Haplodiploidy is a reproductive strategy that a) involves amniotic eggs b) does not involve both sperm and eggs c) is used by social insects d) involves hermaphrodites e) involves individuals that are neither haploid nor diploid.	c) is used by social insects.
Animals that use external fertilization ________ compared to animals that use internal fertilization. a) have a huge advantage in their overall reproductive success b) produce many smaller gametes c) take greater care of their offspring d) produce fewer offspring e) reproduce less of…	b) produce many smaller gametes
Which of the following is a characteristic most useful for classifying animals? a) size b) body symmetry c) reproductive fewer offspring d) type of circulatory system e) type of digestive tract	b) Body symmetry.
A humans 46 chromosomes are found in ____ _____.	liver cells
The major contribution of sex to evolution is that ______.	it provides a method to increase genetic variation.
What is the result of a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?	4 haploid cells
In humans, sex-linked usually refers to a gene on the larger _____ chromosome.	x
Disorders caused by recessive alleles on the X chromosome:	Color blindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy hemophilia
Linked Genes	located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
the closer the genes are on the linking chromosome the lower the frequency of __________.	crossing over
A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?	46
Where do microtubles of the spindle originate during mitosis in animal cells?	Centrosome
What is primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells?	Golgi-derived vesicles
Fibroblasts have receptors for this substance on their plasma membranes:	PDGF
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a:	Sperm
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during:	Meiosis I
What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross?	A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid only one.
A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates:	Dominance
The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varieties because:	One phenotype was completely dominant over another.
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This suggests:	That the parents were both heterozygous.
A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? Hh, tt, HT, T, or HhTt?	HT
When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?	50%
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have black fur and long tails?	1/2
A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alle…	IAiRr
Huntington's disease is a dominant condition with late age of onset in humans. If one parent has the disease, what is the probability that his or her child will have the disease?	1/2
A plant with the genotype AABbcc _____.	is homozygous at two loci.
An allele is _____.	an alternative version of a gene.
GgTt pea plants can produce _____ type(s) of gametes, but a ggtt plant can produce _____ type(s) of gametes.	four...one
You cross a true-breeding red-flowered snapdragon with a true-breeding white-flowered one. All of the F1 are pink. What does this say about the alleles for the parental traits?	Red shows incomplete dominance over white.
When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?	The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
A color-blind woman mates with a male with normal color vision. Which of these results would indicate that color blindness is caused by an X-linked recessive allele?	All of the sons, and none of the daughters, are color-blind.
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A color-blind man has a daughter with normal color vision. She mates with a color-blind male. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?	1 normal vision female : 1 color-blind female : 1 normal male : 1 color-blind male
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A color-blind man has a daughter with normal color vision. What is the genotype of the daughter?	XCXc
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A color-blind man has a daughter with normal color vision. She mates with a male who has normal color vision. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?	2 normal vision females : 1 normal vision male : 1 color-blind male
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. Under what conditions can an unaffected male have a color-blind daughter?	He can't.
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an X-linked dominant. An unaffected woman mates with a male with hypophosphatemia. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?	1 daughter with hypophosphatemia : 1 normal son
Suppose that having three nostrils is a Y-linked character. A woman with two nostrils mates with a man with three nostrils. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?	1 daughter with two nostrils : 1 son with three nostrils
What does a frequency of recombination of 50% indicate?	The two genes are likely to be located on different chromosomes.
Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?	A and G
In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe?	Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?	12
What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?	Hydrogen
The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called	DNA polymerase.
After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called __________, are identical to each other.	Daughter DNA
The new DNA strand that grow continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the _______.	Leading strand
________ are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA.	Okazaki fragments
During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a ____________.	Replication fork
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?	The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?	the nucleotide sequence of the template strand
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer s…	5' A C G U U A G G 3'
Which of the following best describes the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA chain?	A nucleoside triphosphate is added to the 3' end of the DNA, releasing a molecule of pyrophosphate.
The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) diploblastic or triploblastic. C) a well-defined head or no head. D) body cavity or no body cavity E) true tissues or no tissues.	E) true tissues or no tissues.
Among the characteristics unique to animals, that is, not found in protists, fungi or plants is A) sexual reproduction B) gastrulation C) flagellated sperm D) heterotrophic nutrition E) multicellularity	B) gastrulation
An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is A) more offspring/sexual adults B) increased genetic variation. C) enhanced longevity. D) more stable population. E) higher reproduction rate.	B) increased genetic variation.
Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur A) among animals. B) in animals only among invertebrates! C) in fungi, protists but not in plants and animals. D) in animals only among Cnidarians. E) only in Daphnia among animals.	A) among animals.
An advantage of asexual reproduction is A) they can expand into wide range of environments. B) that mutations are always beneficial. C) higher genetic variation. D) higher reproductive success. E) the ability to pass on all of the parent's genes to the next generation.	E) the ability to pass on all of the parent's genes to the next generation.
Organisms with a circulating fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body cells are likely to have A) hemolymph. B) no heart. C) an open circulatory system. D) tracheal system. E) closed circulatory system.	E) closed circulatory system.
Circulatory system overcomes the shortcomings of A) limits of diffusion over longer distances. B) temperature differences between lungs and rest of the body. C) fetus maintaining an optimal body temperature. D) low blood flow velocity in the capillaries. E) low blood pressure in the …	A) limits of diffusion over longer distances.
The difference between an open and closed circulatory system is that A) open circulatory system does not have a heart whereas the closed circulatory system does. B) open circulatory system has circulatory fluid that also bathes tissues whereas the blood of the closed circulatory system …	B) open circulatory system has circulatory fluid that also bathes tissues whereas the blood of the closed circulatory system is continually enclosed in heart and vessels.
The pulmocutaneous circuit A) is found in all aquatic animals like fish and dolphins. B) is found in animals with a 4 chambered heart. C) is found in animals that use both lung and skin capillaries for gas exchange. D) is found in animals with both a 2 chambered and 4 chambered hearts…	C) is found in animals that use both lung and skin capillaries for gas exchange.
Pulmonary artery A) carries blood from the heart to the lung. B) carries blood high in carbon dioxide from the body to the heart. C) is defined as the vessels that lead to and away from the lungs. D) contains highly oxygenated blood. E) carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the …	A) carries blood from the heart to the lung.
A key structural feature of the small intestine that help in its function of absorbing nutrients is A) highly folded interior surface to increase the surface area for absorption B) gastric glands that secrete enzymes for digestion. C) strong muscles that moves nutrients along. D) sphi…	A) highly folded interior surface to increase the surface area for absorption
The size of the cecum reflects how much ________ an animal normally ingests. A) meat B) food with high sugar content C) water D) plant material E) food with low fat content	D) plant material
Countercurrent heat exchangers A) is only used by aquatic birds to conserve heat. B) is used by a variety of ectotherms and endotherms to conserve heat. C) use by large predatory fishes actually loses heat. D) is commonly used by humans that do long distance swimming. E) is only used…	B) is used by a variety of ectotherms and endotherms to conserve heat.
Endothermy is a characteristics of A) most animals living in the tropics. B) of mammals like humans but not birds. C) an animal that generate heat from metabolism to keep a constant body temperature. D) what is commonly called cold-blooded animals. E) animals that live in caves.	C) an animal that generate heat from metabolism to keep a constant body temperature.
Penguins (birds), seals (mammal) and tuna (fish) have shape that allow efficient and rapid swimming because, A) is a shared derived trait from a common ancestor. B) respiration through gills is enhanced by their similar shape C) this is the only shape to allow them to maintain body tem…	D) this is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag when swimming.
Small insects and spiders can walk on water and water can be transported hundreds of feet to the top of a tree. Both of these are due to what feature of water? A) That frozen water is less dense than liquid water. B) Its hydrophobicity. C) Water molecules bind to insect and spider legs…	E) Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
As body size increases in an animal, if they have similar shapes, A) there is a decrease in surface-to-volume ratio. B) there is a greater variability in metabolic rate. C) it becomes more difficult to conserve both heat when its cold. D) there is an increase in the basal metabolic ra…	A) there is a decrease in surface-to-volume ratio.


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BSC 114: STUDY GUIDE

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